Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials...
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Transcript of Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials...
Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
Water has many properties that make it unique.
1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ of the body. (Oxygen and carbon dioxide)
2. High Specific Heat- Allows the body to maintain body temperature
3. High heat of vaporization- allows evaporation of water to cool the body.
4. Cohesion- water works as a lubricant or cushion to protect against damage from friction or trauma.
Properties of Water
Electrolytes are substances that break up or dissociate in solution to form charged particles or ions.
Cations carry a _________charge Anions carry a ____________charge
Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes in the body.
Electrolytes
Acids- release Hydrogen ions in water (proton donors)
Bases- increase Hydroxide (OH-) ion in water (proton acceptors)
Bicarbonate ion is an important base that plays a critical role in the transportation of respiratory gases and elimination of wastes.
Electrolytes cont…
Normal pH in the body ranges from a pH of 7.36 in venous blood to 7.41 in arterial blood.
CO2 is carried as carbonic acid (H2CO3). This compound along with bicarbonate work together to maintain the blood pH within this narrow range.
Buffers
Results from interaction of acids and bases. Salts are required for proper function of muscles and nerves.
Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are major players in muscle and nerve function.
Salts
STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS RINGS
The Role of Carbon in Organisms Carbon is found in ALL living things.
Carbon has 4 electrons for bonding in the outer energy shell, which allow carbon to take on many forms.
Compounds containing Carbon are ORGANIC compounds.
Bonding
ISOMERS- compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
Monomers- single molecules – for example a monomer of glucose. (mono = means one)
Polymer- large molecules bonded together (poly = means many)
Monomers JOIN to form Polymers
Biomolecules- Large organic molecules.
POLYMER
Small molecules join by CONDENSATION. When water condenses it falls out of the molecule and joins the 2 small molecules together.(aka Dehydration synthesis)
Large molecules break apart by HYDROLYSIS- hydro=water, lysis=to break. Therefore when water is added and breaks the polymer apart.
ENERGY FOR CELLS Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Forms
◦ Monosaccharides (one sugar)◦ Disaccharides (two sugars)◦ Polysaccharides (multiple sugars)
Glucose is a carbohydrate
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate storage:1. Starch
2.Glycogen in the liver
3. Cellulose carbohydrate storage in plants
Very important to cell membrane Function;
◦ Energy storage◦ Insulation◦ Protective coating.
Examples: fats , oils, and steroids
Lipids are glycerols attached to fatty acids
LIPIDS
Saturated Fatty Acids (FA) have all single bonds between carbon molecules and contain as many hydrogens as possible
Unsaturated Fatty Acids contain one double bond between 2 of the carbon molecules in the chain.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids have multiple double bonds between carbon molecules.
Hydrogen saturation
Glycerol molecule
Cholesterol can travel through the blood if it is attached to a protein molecule. Some of these are HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) because they have a high density of protein.
Others have a LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN and consequently a higher amount of lipid or Fat.(LDL).
High LDL causes fatty deposits in the arteries. This is called bad cholesterol.
High HDL can actually remove fat and is called good cholesterol.
Blood Lipoproteins
Essential to all life Function:
◦ Provides structure for tissues◦ Carry out cell metabolism
Composed of C, H, O, NITROGEN and sometimes SULFUR
PROTEIN
Building blocks of protein 20 common A.A. that combine to form
thousands of proteins. Bonds between A.A. are called PEPTIDE
BONDS. A.A. fold and bend on each other forming
complex structures that make proteins.◦ Primary, Secondary and Tertiary forms of proteins.
Bends and folds within the charges of the amino acids.
Amino Acids (A.A.)
Transport Oxygen to blood stream Immunity Contract Muscle Tissue Regulate other proteins Carry out Chemical Reactions ENZYMES-act like a lock and key, when key
is in place the reaction is quickly carried out.
(Video)
Role of Protein
ENZYME ACTION
Proteins that control reactions within the body. Essential to the function of the body.
Enzymes are catalysts that are not used in the reaction. They only provide the stage on which the reaction can occur.
Enzymes
Polymers of a smaller subunit called a NUCLEOTIDE
Nucleotides are made of C,H,O,N and P. Three basic parts
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids Code to form all of an organisms make up Nucleotides join to form DNA
Nucleic Acids cont…