Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials...

27
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

Transcript of Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials...

Page 1: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Chapter 2

Chemistry of Life

Page 2: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Water has many properties that make it unique.

1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ of the body. (Oxygen and carbon dioxide)

2. High Specific Heat- Allows the body to maintain body temperature

3. High heat of vaporization- allows evaporation of water to cool the body.

4. Cohesion- water works as a lubricant or cushion to protect against damage from friction or trauma.

Properties of Water

Page 3: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Electrolytes are substances that break up or dissociate in solution to form charged particles or ions.

Cations carry a _________charge Anions carry a ____________charge

Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes in the body.

Electrolytes

Page 4: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Acids- release Hydrogen ions in water (proton donors)

Bases- increase Hydroxide (OH-) ion in water (proton acceptors)

Bicarbonate ion is an important base that plays a critical role in the transportation of respiratory gases and elimination of wastes.

Electrolytes cont…

Page 5: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Normal pH in the body ranges from a pH of 7.36 in venous blood to 7.41 in arterial blood.

CO2 is carried as carbonic acid (H2CO3). This compound along with bicarbonate work together to maintain the blood pH within this narrow range.

Buffers

Page 6: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Results from interaction of acids and bases. Salts are required for proper function of muscles and nerves.

Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are major players in muscle and nerve function.

Salts

Page 7: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS RINGS

The Role of Carbon in Organisms Carbon is found in ALL living things.

Carbon has 4 electrons for bonding in the outer energy shell, which allow carbon to take on many forms.

Compounds containing Carbon are ORGANIC compounds.

Page 8: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Bonding

Page 9: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

ISOMERS- compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Page 10: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Monomers- single molecules – for example a monomer of glucose. (mono = means one)

Polymer- large molecules bonded together (poly = means many)

Monomers JOIN to form Polymers

Biomolecules- Large organic molecules.

Page 11: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

POLYMER

Page 12: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Small molecules join by CONDENSATION. When water condenses it falls out of the molecule and joins the 2 small molecules together.(aka Dehydration synthesis)

Large molecules break apart by HYDROLYSIS- hydro=water, lysis=to break. Therefore when water is added and breaks the polymer apart.

Page 13: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

ENERGY FOR CELLS Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Forms

◦ Monosaccharides (one sugar)◦ Disaccharides (two sugars)◦ Polysaccharides (multiple sugars)

Glucose is a carbohydrate

CARBOHYDRATES

Page 14: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Carbohydrate storage:1. Starch

Page 15: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

2.Glycogen in the liver

Page 16: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

3. Cellulose carbohydrate storage in plants

Page 17: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Very important to cell membrane Function;

◦ Energy storage◦ Insulation◦ Protective coating.

Examples: fats , oils, and steroids

Lipids are glycerols attached to fatty acids

LIPIDS

Page 18: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Saturated Fatty Acids (FA) have all single bonds between carbon molecules and contain as many hydrogens as possible

Unsaturated Fatty Acids contain one double bond between 2 of the carbon molecules in the chain.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids have multiple double bonds between carbon molecules.

Hydrogen saturation

Page 19: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Glycerol molecule

Page 20: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Cholesterol can travel through the blood if it is attached to a protein molecule. Some of these are HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) because they have a high density of protein.

Others have a LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN and consequently a higher amount of lipid or Fat.(LDL).

High LDL causes fatty deposits in the arteries. This is called bad cholesterol.

High HDL can actually remove fat and is called good cholesterol.

Blood Lipoproteins

Page 21: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Essential to all life Function:

◦ Provides structure for tissues◦ Carry out cell metabolism

Composed of C, H, O, NITROGEN and sometimes SULFUR

PROTEIN

Page 22: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Building blocks of protein 20 common A.A. that combine to form

thousands of proteins. Bonds between A.A. are called PEPTIDE

BONDS. A.A. fold and bend on each other forming

complex structures that make proteins.◦ Primary, Secondary and Tertiary forms of proteins.

Bends and folds within the charges of the amino acids.

Amino Acids (A.A.)

Page 23: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Transport Oxygen to blood stream Immunity Contract Muscle Tissue Regulate other proteins Carry out Chemical Reactions ENZYMES-act like a lock and key, when key

is in place the reaction is quickly carried out.

(Video)

Role of Protein

Page 24: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

ENZYME ACTION

Page 25: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Proteins that control reactions within the body. Essential to the function of the body.

Enzymes are catalysts that are not used in the reaction. They only provide the stage on which the reaction can occur.

Enzymes

Page 26: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

Polymers of a smaller subunit called a NUCLEOTIDE

Nucleotides are made of C,H,O,N and P. Three basic parts

Nucleic Acids

Page 27: Chemistry of Life. Water has many properties that make it unique. 1. Strong Polarity- Many materials dissolve in water to be transported to every organ.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids Code to form all of an organisms make up Nucleotides join to form DNA

Nucleic Acids cont…