Charla Magistral Sostenibilidad
Transcript of Charla Magistral Sostenibilidad
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Jochen Smuda: Desarrollo sostenible en la minera
I. Definición y motivaciónII. Mineria polimetalicaIII.Problemas ambientales principales
de mineriaIV. Gerenciamiento del manejo
ambiental
V. Desarrollo sostenible de la actividadminera
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Motivaciones
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10 g oro
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1 ton
2% pirita
2% pirita=> 20 kg pirita= 167 molespirita=> 667 moles H+
=> 333 molesH2SO4 = 32,67 kg H2SO4 0.5 g oro/t
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CHUQUICAMATA DEPOSITEEXOTICA DEPOSITE
LEACHED ZONE
OXIDATION ZONE
ENRICHED ZONE
MINERALIZED BEDROCK
MINERALIZED GRAVEL
BARREN GRAVEL
6 km 4.5 km
PRIMARY ZONE
PRIMARY ZONE
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Mining
Waste-dump
SULFIDE-ORE Tailings impoundment
Waste material of
Crushing
Milling
Flotation
Cu-sulfide-ore99 %
Gold-ore99.9 %
Including“non-economic” sulfides E.g., pyrite, enargite, galena, ...
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J h S d D ll ibl l i
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After Mining Waste-dump
Tailings impoundmentPit-lake
ORE
ORE
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J h S d D ll t ibl l i
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Differencias entre relaves y botaderos
relaves botaderos
O2 O2H2OH2O
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Procesos que producen acidez
Oxidación de sulfuros (e.g. pirita)FeS2 + 7/2O2 + H2O --> Fe2++ 2SO42- + 2H+
Fe2+ + 1/4O2 + H+ Fe3++ 1/2H2O (catalizado vía bacterias e.g.,
A.ferrooxidians)
FeS2 + 14 Fe3+ + 8H2O --> 15 Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 16H+ (2H+)
Hidrólisis
Fe3+ + 3H2O --> Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Transformación (jt & sh => gt)
KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 = 3FeO(OH)+ K+ + 2SO42- + 3H+
Fe8O8 (OH)6SO4 + 2H2O = 8FeO(OH)+ SO42- + 2H+
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Neutralización
CarbonatosCaCO3 + H+ = Ca2+ + HCO3- calcita
pH 7
FeCO3 + H+ = Fe2+ + HCO3- siderita pH 5
Hidróxidos
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O gibbsita
pH 4.3
Fe(OH)3 +3H+ = Fe3+ + 3H2O ferrihydrita
pH 3.5
Silicatos
2KAlSiO3O8 + 9H2O + 2H+ = Al3Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 4H4SiO4
K-feldespato caolinita
pH
Fe(OH)3
Al(OH)3
siderita
calcita
73 4 5 6
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pH
SeO42-
S
O
42-
CrO42-
HVO42-
AsO43-
Cr3+Pb
2+Cu
2+
Cd2+
Zn2+
Ni2+
Ca2+
HMoO4-
8 10 12642
6 7 85430
20
40
6080
100
0
20
40
60
80
% b
o u n d
t o s u r f a c e
% b
o u n d t o s u r f a c e
after Dzombak & Morel, 1990;
Mo data from Goldberg & Forster, 1998
oxyanions
bivalent cations
Liberación de metales
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Melanterite
(Fe2+
, Cu, Zn) SO4·7H2O
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Jochen Smuda
Step Name Description
1 Establish the context Define policy, purpose, objectives, success criteria, assessmentendpoints, and receptors
2 Identify the risk Define sources, pathways, concerns, and consequences
3 Analyze the risk Calculations (identify concerns and possible outcomes); certaintyand uncertainty
4 Assess and prioritizerisks
Compare with criteria; prioritize
5 Manage (treat) therisks
Mitigation, communication; develop and implement contingency andmanagement plans
6 Review and monitor Risk management plan; continue reviewing and monitoring; assesseffectiveness of treatment
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Formación de aguas ácidas (ARD)
Capturación de ARD Instalación de un
muro reactivo
(precipitación de
súlfuros)
Instalación de una
cubierta
Tratamiento
(hydrometalúrgico)
Wetlands
(precipitación de
súlfuros)
Retratamiento y
depositación segura
Muy caro
Costos a largo
plazo
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ARD Treatment - Treatment
Plant
precipitation
e.g. BaCl2Ion exchange
sorption
settling or filter
purified wate
dam
AMD
Advantages: recovery of most metals
possible, sometimes economically
Disadvantages: expensive, long term,
toxic waste
well
J
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ARD Treatment - wetlands(natural or constructed)
purified water
dam
AMD
Advantages: sulfide precipitation of
metals, economical
Disadvantages: no selective recovery,
long term, toxic waste which
has to be maintained anoxic
SO42- + 2CH2O => H2S +
2HCO3-
Me2+ + HS- => MeS(s) + H+
sulfate reducing bacteria
(SRB)
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Sulfur Excreting Thiobacillus
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ARD Treatment - permeable
reactive barrier
Advantages: passive in-situ treatmentPrecipitation of metals as sulfides,
economical
Disadvantages: no selective recovery,
long term, limited lifetime,
toxic waste has to be maintained anoxic
AMD plume
dam
sulfate reducing bacteria
(SRB)
SO42- + 2CH2O => H2S +
2HCO3-
Me2+ + HS- => MeS(s) + H+
purified water
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Remediation Advantages: - no eolic transport
- limitation of O2 and H2Oinput
Disadvantages: - expensive
- can not be used for
oxidized tailings
AMD plume
1. cover
AMD plume
2. revegetation Advantages: - green -> ecological
image
- may limit eolic transport- can be applied on a soil
cover
Disadvantages: - expensive (lime, fertilizer)
- no limitation of
AMD formation
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Clasificación de la roca
de mina en AP y NPe.g. súlfuros, carbonatos,
alteración
Flotación de los
relaves(pirita)
Evitar la oxidación
mezclar
Material
geoquímicamente
seguro
Evitar la
movilización
Prevención de aguas
ácidas Material de la mina
Mucho más economico
Menos NP
necesario
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Desarrollo de estrategias sostenibles
Relaves frescos
2 7pH
0 20
FeS2 + 7 /2O2 + H2O --> FeSO4 + SO42- + 2H+
FeS2 + 14 Fe3+ + 8H2O --> 15 Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 16H+ (2H+)
Fe2+ + 1 /4O2 + H+ Fe3++ 1 /2H2O (catalyzed e.g., T.ferrooxidans)
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Cubierta de suelo
Cobertura geomembrana
Relaves primarios
pH
2 7
0 20
Geomembrana (HDPE)
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Cobertura fosphate de fierro
Tailings with 40 -60% Fe sulifdes e.g. pyrrhotite, pyrite
Pyrite rich material => additon of PO4-rich material and carbon-rich material
Formation of a cemented zone
2 7pH
0 20
FePO4•2H2O (e.g. strengite)
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Cobertura con carbonato
Relaves no mezclados
Relaves con carbonatos
pH2 7
0 20
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Cobertura con carbon orgánico
Relaves primarios
Relaves con carbon organico
=> consumo del oxigeno via bacterias heterotrofas
pH
2 7
0 20
Cubierta de suelo
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Relaves desulfrizados
Relaves primarios
Relaves sin sulfuros
=> Substrato sostenible
pH
2 7
0 20
Relaves sin sulfuros y con suelo/materia organica
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Mineria de Lignita, Alemania
d l
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Mineria de Lignita, Alemania
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ARDManagement
Risk ManagementProcess
Focus Areas for Risk Management Example Risk Assessment Tools
Probability Consequences UncertaintyCharacterization Risk assessment Sampling Heterogeneity RepresentativenessTesting methods
MineralogyTemporal variability
Spatial variability
Potential problem assessment (PPA)Tier approach
Prediction Risk assessment Testinginterpretation
Seepage characteristics Assessment criteriaTesting duration
Particle size effect
Ecological and human health riskassessment
Prevention Risk management System malfunction Seepage characteristicsEffluent quality
Waste variabilityClimatic variability
Engineering reliability analysis (e.g.,FMEA)
Treatment Risk management System malfunction Effluent quality Sample holding time
Sample preservationTesting interferencesQuantitation limits
Treatment effectivenessInfluent quality
Influent quantity
Engineering reliability analysis (e.g.,
FMEA)
Monitoring Risk management Sourcecharacteristics
pathway analysis
Assimilative capacityreceptors
Sample holding timeSample preservationTesting interferencesQuantitation limitsSeepage variability
Assessment criteria
Ecological and human health riskassessment
Performanceassessment
/management
Risk managementContingency planningEmergency response
Human errorManagement error
System error
KPIsEffluent quality
Receiving water quality
Applicability ofperformance measures
Management system audit
Communication Risk communication Stakeholder views Stakeholder acceptance Stakeholder Values Stakeholder mapping and surveys
Sustainabilityaspects
Risk acceptance Impacts and benefits Environmentalsocial
economicgovernance
Sustainability Balance Sustainability risks and opportunitiesassessment
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Discipline Typical Involvement
Geology To define the geological distribution of rock types and mineralogy, for developing the geological model on which the geochemicalzones and their characterization are developed.
Mineralogy To identify minerals that control the oxidation and neutralization potential and products.
Geochemistry To evaluate the oxidation and neutralization processes, dissolution, and solubility controls that determine mine water quality,modeling of ARD, and the determination of ARD control requirements.
Mining engineering and planning To develop the mining methods and schedules for waste extraction and ore placed in stockpiles and waste rock dumps, and forintegration of the ARD management plan into mining operations.
Mineral processing/metallurgy To determine the characteristics of the heap leach, milled wastes or tailings and the control technologies that can be applied inprocessing to minimize ARD potential.
Analytical chemistry To support mine and metallurgical operations by implementing proper test methods for sample handling.
Water treatment To design water treatment plants to remove deleterious constituents in ARD and supervise water treatment plant operations.
Geotechnical engineering To design pit slopes and waste storage facilities such as tailings dams and waste rock piles, covers, and erosion stability of the postclosure drainage system and landforms.
Social sciences To ensure effective and open communication with stakeholders and to ensure that their concerns are integrated into themanagement plan.
Hydrogeology To evaluate groundwater inflows to underground and open pit mines and groundwater flows that have contact with ARD sources.
Hydrology and limnology To determine flood flows and water balance required for design water management facilities.
Soil sciences To design and implement surficial soils (covers) in the closure landscape to facilitate growth of self sustaining vegetation.
Agronomy/botany forestry To evaluate sustainable vegetation to meet the management plan and closure objectives.Biology/ecology To evaluate ecological impacts of residual surface and groundwater contamination and establish conditions for ecosystems of
restored lands that meets operating and closure objectives.
Environmental law To determine the regulatory requirements that the mine needs to comply with
Accounting and financialmanagement
To estimate and monitor costs, and make appropriate provisions for funding the management plan and sustain post-closuremonitoring and maintenance requirements.
Contract management To ensure that ARD management plan issues and measures are incorporated into all relevant contracts that the mine enters into with suppliers and contractors.
Project management andsupervision
To manage and supervise all aspects of management plan development and implementation, including long-term post closureactivities, where applicable.
Senior management To ensure management plan adherence, implementation and continuous improvement are incorporated into the key performanceindicators of all relevant personnel.
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Los retos futuros... Mejorara el uso de los recursos
... Minar los desechos (... reciclar...)... Desarrollar nuevas tecnologias de trabajar maslimpio... Desarrollar nuevas estrategias para cierres
sostenibles... Incorporar el desarrollo sostenible de lascomunidades vecinos
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