Characteristics Of The Atmoshere Q And Aaa

NOTES to put into your Journal:

To convert Celsius temperatures into Fahrenheit: • multiply the Celsius temperature by 9 • divide the answer by 5 • add 32• To change Fahrenheit to Celsius

Vocabulary: Convection Currents, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

MOLECULE: The smallest particle of a MOLECULE: The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces. chemical forces.

ATOM: A part or particle considered ATOM: A part or particle considered to be an irreducible to be an irreducible constituent of a constituent of a specified system specified system

Importance of the AtmosphereImportance of the Atmosphere• Earth's Earth's atmosphereatmosphere is a thin layer of air is a thin layer of air

that forms a protective covering around that forms a protective covering around the planet. the planet.

• Earth's atmosphere maintains a balance Earth's atmosphere maintains a balance between the amount of heat absorbed between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the amount of heat that from the Sun and the amount of heat that escapes back into space. escapes back into space.

• It also protects life-forms from some of It also protects life-forms from some of the Sun's harmful rays.the Sun's harmful rays.

Makeup of the Atmosphere

• Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, solids, and liquids that surrounds the solids, and liquids that surrounds the planet. planet.

• It extends from Earth's surface to outer It extends from Earth's surface to outer space. space.

Gases in the AtmosphereGases in the Atmosphere• This circle graph shows the percentages

of the gases, excluding water vapor, that make up Earth's atmosphere.

Gases in the Atmosphere• The composition of the atmosphere is The composition of the atmosphere is

changing in small but important ways. changing in small but important ways. For example, car exhaust emits gases into For example, car exhaust emits gases into the air such as carbon dioxide.the air such as carbon dioxide.

• Humans burn an excessive Humans burn an excessive amount of fuel for energy. amount of fuel for energy.

• Increasing energy use will Increasing energy use will increase the amount of increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere too.atmosphere too.

Solids and Liquids in Earth's Solids and Liquids in Earth's AtmosphereAtmosphere

• In addition to gases, Earth's atmosphere In addition to gases, Earth's atmosphere contains small, solid particles such as contains small, solid particles such as dust, salt, and pollen. dust, salt, and pollen.

• The atmosphere also contains small liquid The atmosphere also contains small liquid droplets that can contain pollutants in the droplets that can contain pollutants in the cloudsclouds.

Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere• The lower layers include the troposphere The lower layers include the troposphere

and stratosphere. and stratosphere.

• The upper atmospheric layers are the The upper atmospheric layers are the mesosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. exosphere.

• The lower layers that include the The lower layers that include the troposphere and stratosphere contain most troposphere and stratosphere contain most of the air we breathe. of the air we breathe.

Lower Layers of the AtmosphereLower Layers of the AtmosphereYou study, eat, sleep, and play in the You study, eat, sleep, and play in the

tropospheretroposphere, which is the lowest of , which is the lowest of Earth’s atmospheric layers.Earth’s atmospheric layers.

• It contains It contains 99% of the 99% of the water vapor water vapor and 75% of and 75% of the the atmospheric atmospheric gases. gases.

Lower Layers of the AtmosphereLower Layers of the Atmosphere

• The stratosphere, the layer directly above The stratosphere, the layer directly above the troposphere, extends from 10 km the troposphere, extends from 10 km above Earth's surface to about 50 km. above Earth's surface to about 50 km.

• A portion of the stratosphere contains A portion of the stratosphere contains higher levels of a gas called ozone. higher levels of a gas called ozone.

• Each molecule of ozone is made up of Each molecule of ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms bonded together. three oxygen atoms bonded together.

Ozone O3

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Ozone-3D-vdW.png

Upper Layers of the AtmosphereUpper Layers of the Atmosphere• The mesosphere extends from the top of The mesosphere extends from the top of

the stratosphere to about 85 km above the stratosphere to about 85 km above Earth. Earth.

• The thermosphere is The thermosphere is named for its high named for its high temperatures. temperatures. This is the This is the thickest atmospheric thickest atmospheric layer and is found layer and is found between 85 km and 500 between 85 km and 500 km above Earth.km above Earth.

• The The ionosphere ionosphere allows radio allows radio waves to waves to travel across travel across the country to the country to another city. another city.

• Within the mesosphere and thermosphere Within the mesosphere and thermosphere is a layer of electrically charged particles is a layer of electrically charged particles called the called the ionosphereionosphere (I AH nuh sfihr). (I AH nuh sfihr).

Upper Layers of the AtmosphereUpper Layers of the Atmosphere

Upper Layers of the AtmosphereUpper Layers of the Atmosphere• During the day, energy from the Sun During the day, energy from the Sun

interacts with the particles in the interacts with the particles in the ionosphere, causing them to absorb AM ionosphere, causing them to absorb AM radio frequenciesradio frequencies.

• At night, without solar energy, AM radio At night, without solar energy, AM radio transmissions reflect off the ionosphere, transmissions reflect off the ionosphere, allowing radio transmissions to be allowing radio transmissions to be received at greater distances. received at greater distances.

Upper Layers of the AtmosphereUpper Layers of the Atmosphere• The space shuttle orbits Earth in the The space shuttle orbits Earth in the

exosphere. exosphere. • The exosphere has so few molecules that the The exosphere has so few molecules that the

wings of the shuttle are useless. wings of the shuttle are useless. • In the exosphere, the spacecraft relies on In the exosphere, the spacecraft relies on

bursts from small rocket thrusters to move bursts from small rocket thrusters to move around. around.

• Beyond the Beyond the exosphere is exosphere is outer space. outer space.

Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure

• Atmospheric gases have mass. Atmospheric gases have mass.

• Atmospheric gases extend hundreds of Atmospheric gases extend hundreds of kilometers above Earth's surface.kilometers above Earth's surface.

• As Earth's gravity pulls the gases toward As Earth's gravity pulls the gases toward its surface, the weight of these gases its surface, the weight of these gases presses down on the air below. presses down on the air below.

Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure

• The molecules nearer Earth's surface are The molecules nearer Earth's surface are closer together. closer together.

• This dense air exerts more force than the This dense air exerts more force than the less dense air near the top of the less dense air near the top of the atmosphereatmosphere.

• Force exerted on an area is known as Force exerted on an area is known as pressure. pressure.

Air pressure is greater near Earth's surface Air pressure is greater near Earth's surface and decreases higher in the atmosphereand decreases higher in the atmosphere.

People find People find it difficult it difficult to breathe to breathe in high in high mountains mountains because because fewer fewer molecules molecules of air exist of air exist therethere.

Temperature in Atmospheric LayersTemperature in Atmospheric Layers

Because some Because some layers contain layers contain gases that easily gases that easily absorb the Sun's absorb the Sun's energy while energy while other layers do other layers do not, the various not, the various layers have layers have different different temperatures. temperatures.

20 C = 68 F

cold ========================} hot

• Molecules that make up air in Molecules that make up air in the troposphere are warmed the troposphere are warmed mostly by heat mostly by heat from Earth's from Earth's surface.surface.

• The Sun The Sun warms Earth's warms Earth's surface, which surface, which then warms then warms the air the air above it. above it.

• Molecules of ozone in the stratosphere Molecules of ozone in the stratosphere absorb some of the Sun's energy.absorb some of the Sun's energy.

• Energy Energy absorbed by absorbed by ozone ozone molecules raises molecules raises the temperature. the temperature.

• Because more Because more ozone ozone molecules are molecules are in the upper in the upper portion of the portion of the stratosphere, stratosphere, the the temperature in temperature in this layer rises this layer rises with with increasing increasing altitude. altitude.

• The temperature in the mesosphere The temperature in the mesosphere decreases with altitude. decreases with altitude.

• The thermosphere and exosphere are the The thermosphere and exosphere are the first layers to receive the Sun's rays. first layers to receive the Sun's rays. Few molecules are Few molecules are in these layers, but in these layers, but each molecule has each molecule has a great deal of a great deal of energy. energy. Temperatures Temperatures here are high here are high here.here.

The Ozone LayerThe Ozone Layer

• Ozone is made of Ozone is made of 3 oxygen atoms. 3 oxygen atoms.

• Although you Although you cannot see the cannot see the ozone layer, your ozone layer, your life depends on it. life depends on it.

Within the stratosphere, about 19 km to 48 Within the stratosphere, about 19 km to 48 km above your head, lies an atmospheric km above your head, lies an atmospheric layer called the layer called the ozone layerozone layer..

• An ozone molecule is made up of three An ozone molecule is made up of three oxygen atoms bound together. oxygen atoms bound together.

• The ozone layer contains a high The ozone layer contains a high concentration of ozone and shields you concentration of ozone and shields you from the Sun's harmful energy. from the Sun's harmful energy.

•Ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation that enters the atmosphere.

Ultraviolet Ultraviolet radiationradiation is one of is one of the many the many types of types of energy that energy that come to come to Earth from Earth from the Sun.the Sun.

CFCsCFCs• These compounds don't absorb ultraviolet These compounds don't absorb ultraviolet

radiation the way ozone can. radiation the way ozone can. • In addition, the original chlorine atom can In addition, the original chlorine atom can

continue to break apart thousands of continue to break apart thousands of ozone molecules. ozone molecules.

• The result is that The result is that more ultraviolet more ultraviolet radiation reaches radiation reaches Earth's surface. Earth's surface.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/1%2C1%2C1%2C2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg

• Chlorofluorocarbon molecules destroy Chlorofluorocarbon molecules destroy ozone. ozone.

• When a chlorine atom from a When a chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon molecule comes near chlorofluorocarbon molecule comes near a molecule of ozone, the ozone molecule a molecule of ozone, the ozone molecule breaks apart. breaks apart.

• One of the oxygen One of the oxygen atoms combines with atoms combines with the chlorine atom, the chlorine atom, and the rest form a and the rest form a regular, two-atom regular, two-atom molecule. molecule.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/1%2C1%2C1%2C2-Tetrafluoroethane.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/1%2C1%2C1%2C2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg

HeatHeat• Heat is energy that flows from an object Heat is energy that flows from an object

with a higher temperature to an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature. with a lower temperature.

• Energy from the Sun reaches Earth's Energy from the Sun reaches Earth's surface and heats it. surface and heats it.

• Heat then is transferred through the Heat then is transferred through the atmosphere in three ways—radiation, atmosphere in three ways—radiation, conduction, and convection.conduction, and convection.

RadiationRadiation• Energy from the Sun reaches Earth in the Energy from the Sun reaches Earth in the

form of radiant energy, or radiation. form of radiant energy, or radiation. • RadiationRadiation is energy that is transferred in is energy that is transferred in

the form of rays or the form of rays or waves. waves.

• Earth radiates some of the energy it absorbs from the Sun back toward space.

ConductionConduction• ConductionConduction is the transfer of energy that is the transfer of energy that

occurs when molecules bump into one occurs when molecules bump into one another.another.

• Molecules in warmer objects move faster Molecules in warmer objects move faster than molecules in cooler objects. than molecules in cooler objects.

• When objects are When objects are in contact, energy in contact, energy is transferred from is transferred from warmer objects to warmer objects to cooler objects. cooler objects.

• Earth’s surface conducts energy directly Earth’s surface conducts energy directly to the atmosphere. to the atmosphere.

• As air moves As air moves over warm over warm land or water, land or water, molecules in molecules in air are heated air are heated by direct by direct contact. contact.

ConvectionConvection• Convection is the transfer of heat by the

flow of material.

• Convection Convection circulates heat circulates heat throughout the throughout the atmosphere. atmosphere.

• How does this happen? How does this happen?

Convection• When air is warmed, the molecules in it When air is warmed, the molecules in it

move apart and the air becomes less move apart and the air becomes less dense. dense.

• Air pressure decreases because fewer Air pressure decreases because fewer molecules are in molecules are in the same space. the same space.

• In cold air, In cold air, molecules move molecules move closer together. closer together.

ConvectionConvection• The air becomes more dense and air

pressure increases.

• Cooler, denser Cooler, denser air sinks while air sinks while warmer, less warmer, less dense air rises, dense air rises, forming a forming a convection convection current. current.

Earth’s Atmosphere is UniqueEarth’s Atmosphere is UniqueOn Earth, radiation from the Sun can be On Earth, radiation from the Sun can be

reflected into space, absorbed by the reflected into space, absorbed by the atmosphere, or absorbed by land and water. atmosphere, or absorbed by land and water.

Once it is absorbed, heat can be transferred Once it is absorbed, heat can be transferred by radiation, conduction, or convection.by radiation, conduction, or convection.

Forming WindForming Wind• Earth is mostly rock or land, with three-Earth is mostly rock or land, with three-

fourths of its surface covered by a fourths of its surface covered by a relatively thin layer of water, the oceans. relatively thin layer of water, the oceans.

• These two areas strongly influence global These two areas strongly influence global wind systems. wind systems.

Forming WindForming Wind

• Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the Sun causes some areas to be warmer than Sun causes some areas to be warmer than others. others.

• This causes air pressure to be generally This causes air pressure to be generally lower where air is heated. lower where air is heated.

• Wind is the movement of air from an area Wind is the movement of air from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower of higher pressure to an area of lower pressurepressure.

Heated AirHeated AirAreas of Earth receive different amounts of Areas of Earth receive different amounts of

radiation from the Sun because Earth is radiation from the Sun because Earth is curved. The heated air at the equator is curved. The heated air at the equator is less dense, so it is displaced by denser, less dense, so it is displaced by denser, colder colder air, air, creating creating convection convection currents.currents.

Heated AirHeated Air

• This cold, denser air comes from the This cold, denser air comes from the poles, which receive less radiation from poles, which receive less radiation from the Sun, making air at the poles much the Sun, making air at the poles much cooler.cooler.

• The resulting dense, high-pressure air The resulting dense, high-pressure air sinks and moves along Earth’s surface. sinks and moves along Earth’s surface.

The Coriolis EffectThe Coriolis Effect

• This is called the Coriolis (kohr ee OH lus) effect.

•The rotation of Earth causes moving air The rotation of Earth causes moving air and water to appear to turn to the right and water to appear to turn to the right north of the equator and to the left south of north of the equator and to the left south of the equatorthe equator

The CoriolisCoriolis Effect

• The flow of air caused by differences The flow of air caused by differences in the amount of solar radiation in the amount of solar radiation received on Earth’s surface received on Earth’s surface and by the and by the Coriolis effect creates Coriolis effect creates distinct wind distinct wind patterns on Earth’s patterns on Earth’s surface. surface.

Global WindsGlobal Winds• Early sailors discovered that the wind Early sailors discovered that the wind

patterns on Earth helped them navigate patterns on Earth helped them navigate the oceans. the oceans.

• Sometimes sailors found little or no wind Sometimes sailors found little or no wind to move their sailing ships near the to move their sailing ships near the equator.equator.

• It also rained nearly every afternoon.It also rained nearly every afternoon.

• This windless, rainy zone near the equator This windless, rainy zone near the equator is called the doldrums. is called the doldrums.

Surface Winds

• Air descending to Earth’s surface near 30º Air descending to Earth’s surface near 30º north and south latitude creates steady north and south latitude creates steady winds that blow in tropical regions. winds that blow in tropical regions.

• These are called trade winds because These are called trade winds because early sailors used their dependability to early sailors used their dependability to establish trade routes. establish trade routes.

Surface WindsSurface Winds

• Between 30º and 60º latitude, winds Between 30º and 60º latitude, winds called the prevailing westerlies blow in called the prevailing westerlies blow in the opposite direction from trade winds. the opposite direction from trade winds.

• Prevailing westerlies are responsible for Prevailing westerlies are responsible for much of the movement of weather across much of the movement of weather across North America. North America.

Surface WindsSurface Winds

• Polar easterlies are found near the poles. Polar easterlies are found near the poles.

• Near the north pole, easterlies blow from Near the north pole, easterlies blow from northeast to southwest. northeast to southwest.

• Near the south pole, polar easterlies blow Near the south pole, polar easterlies blow from the southeast to the northwest. from the southeast to the northwest.

Winds in the Upper TroposphereWinds in the Upper Troposphere

• Narrow belts of strong winds, called Narrow belts of strong winds, called jet jet streamsstreams, blow near the top of the , blow near the top of the troposphere. troposphere.

• The polar jet stream forms at the The polar jet stream forms at the boundary of cold, dry polar air to the boundary of cold, dry polar air to the north and warmer, more moist air to the north and warmer, more moist air to the south. south.

Winds in the Upper TroposphereWinds in the Upper Troposphere

• The jet stream moves faster in the winter The jet stream moves faster in the winter because the difference between cold air because the difference between cold air and warm air is greater. and warm air is greater.

• The jet stream helps move storms across The jet stream helps move storms across the country. the country.

Local Wind SystemsLocal Wind Systems• Global wind systems determine the major Global wind systems determine the major

weather patterns for the entire planet. weather patterns for the entire planet.

• Smaller wind systems affect local Smaller wind systems affect local weather. weather.

• If you live near a large body of water, If you live near a large body of water, you’re familiar with two such wind you’re familiar with two such wind systems—sea breezes and land breezes. systems—sea breezes and land breezes.

• A A sea breezesea breeze is created during the day is created during the day because solar radiation warms the land because solar radiation warms the land more than the water. more than the water.

Sea and Land Breezes

• Air over the land is heated by conduction. Air over the land is heated by conduction.

Sea and Land BreezesSea and Land Breezes• This heated air is less dense and has lower This heated air is less dense and has lower

pressure.pressure.• Cooler, denser air over the water has Cooler, denser air over the water has

higher pressure and flows toward the higher pressure and flows toward the warmer, less dense air.warmer, less dense air.

• A convection current A convection current results, and wind results, and wind blows from the sea blows from the sea toward the land. toward the land.

Sea and Land BreezesSea and Land Breezes• The reverse occurs at night, when land The reverse occurs at night, when land

cools much more rapidly than ocean cools much more rapidly than ocean water. water.

• Air over Air over the land the land becomes becomes cooler cooler than air than air over the over the oceanocean.

Sea and Land BreezesSea and Land Breezes

• Movement of air toward the water from the land is called a land breeze.

•Cooler, denser air above the land moves Cooler, denser air above the land moves over the water, as the warm air over the over the water, as the warm air over the water rises. water rises.

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice

1. The ______ is the layer of the atmosphere nearest to Earth’s surface.

A. mesosphere

C. stratosphereB. troposphere

D. ionosphereAnswer

B. troposphere


2. The ______ are windless zones near the equator.

A. Doldrums

C. Polar easterliesB. Prevailing westerlies

D. Trade windsAnswer

A. Doldrums


3. In the water cycle evaporated water____.

A. Precipitates as rain or snow

C. Becomes groundwaterB. Runs into lakes, streams, and oceans

D. Condenses into cloudsAnswer

D. Condenses into clouds

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice4. The ______ are responsible for the 4. The ______ are responsible for the movement of much of the weather across movement of much of the weather across the United Statesthe United States

A. Prevailing westerliesA. Prevailing westerlies

C. Trade windsC. Trade windsB. Polar westerliesB. Polar westerlies

D. DoldrumsD. DoldrumsAnswerAnswer

A. Prevailing westerliesA. Prevailing westerlies

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice5. The ______ merges into outer space.5. The ______ merges into outer space.

A. troposphereA. troposphere

C. mesosphereC. mesosphereB. stratosphereB. stratosphere

D. ionosphereD. ionosphere

AnswerAnswer

D. ionosphereD. ionosphere

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice6. Air in the ______ is warmed by heat 6. Air in the ______ is warmed by heat from Earth’s surface.from Earth’s surface.


C. stratosphereC. stratosphereB. exosphereB. exosphere

D. thermosphereD. thermosphereAnswerAnswer


Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice7. Air above the ______ is heated more 7. Air above the ______ is heated more than at any other place on Earth.than at any other place on Earth.

A. north poleA. north pole

C. equatorC. equatorB. south poleB. south pole

D. United StatesD. United StatesAnswerAnswer

C. equatorC. equator

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice8. Air currents that blow near the north and 8. Air currents that blow near the north and south poles are the ______.south poles are the ______.

A. Polar easterliesA. Polar easterlies

C. Polar westerliesC. Polar westerliesB. Trade windsB. Trade winds

D. Jet streamsD. Jet streamsAnswerAnswer

A. Polar easterliesA. Polar easterlies

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice9. Reflection and absorption by the 9. Reflection and absorption by the atmosphere prevent some ______from atmosphere prevent some ______from reaching Earth’s surface.reaching Earth’s surface.

A. ozoneA. ozone

C. nitrogenC. nitrogenB. radiationB. radiation

D. oxygenD. oxygenAnswerAnswer

B. radiationB. radiation

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice10. Temperatures in the thermosphere are 10. Temperatures in the thermosphere are ______.______.

A. Hot and coldA. Hot and cold

C. Very coldC. Very coldB. Constantly changingB. Constantly changing

D. Very warmD. Very warmAnswerAnswer

D. Very warmD. Very warm

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice11. ______is the only substance that exists 11. ______is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, gas in Earth’s as a solid, liquid, gas in Earth’s atmosphere.atmosphere.

A. nitrogenA. nitrogen

C. waterC. waterB. ozoneB. ozone

D. radiationD. radiationAnswerAnswer

C. waterC. water

MatchingMatchingMatch the description with the appropriate terms Match the description with the appropriate terms below:below:A.A. 21% of the atmosphere21% of the atmosphereB.B. 0 to 4% of air0 to 4% of airC.C. Most common gas in airMost common gas in airD.D. Normally found in the upper stratosphereNormally found in the upper stratosphereE.E. Caused when pollutants mix with oxygen and Caused when pollutants mix with oxygen and

other chemicals in the presence of sunlightother chemicals in the presence of sunlight12. Nitrogen12. Nitrogen __CC13. smog13. smog __EE14. Water vapor14. Water vapor __BB

15. Oxygen15. Oxygen __AA16. Ozone16. Ozone __DD

CompletionCompletionComplete each statementComplete each statement

17. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is 17. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ___________ ; it contains clouds and the ___________ ; it contains clouds and smog.smog.

tropospheretroposphere

18. An oxygen form present in the 18. An oxygen form present in the ___________ filters ultraviolet radiation ___________ filters ultraviolet radiation from the sun.from the sun.Ozone layerOzone layer


19. Winds blowing from the northeast to 19. Winds blowing from the northeast to the southwest near the north pole are the southwest near the north pole are known as _____________ .known as _____________ .Polar easterliesPolar easterlies

20. Air masses moving in the northern 20. Air masses moving in the northern hemisphere are turned westward from their hemisphere are turned westward from their original paths in the _____________.original paths in the _____________.Coriolis effectCoriolis effect


21. Windless zone at Earth’s equator where 21. Windless zone at Earth’s equator where air rises almost straight up is called theair rises almost straight up is called the ________.doldrumsdoldrums

22. Cool dense air near the sea moves 22. Cool dense air near the sea moves inland toward warm, dense areas during the inland toward warm, dense areas during the day and sets up _________.day and sets up _________.Sea breezeSea breeze


23. At 3023. At 30° north or south of the equator air ° north or south of the equator air descending to Earth’sdescending to Earth’s surface creates surface creates steady ___________.steady ___________.Trade windsTrade winds

24. The __________________ blow from 24. The __________________ blow from southwest to northeast at 30southwest to northeast at 30° to 60°latitude ° to 60°latitude in the northern hemispherein the northern hemisphere..

Prevailing westerliesPrevailing westerlies


25. Cool , dense air moves during the night 25. Cool , dense air moves during the night from the land toward water as __________from the land toward water as __________land breezesland breezes

26. Each hemisphere has two narrow belts26. Each hemisphere has two narrow belts of fast moving winds called__________of fast moving winds called__________ .Jet streamsJet streams_


27. More harmful ultraviolet rays are 27. More harmful ultraviolet rays are reaching Earth’s surface because of reaching Earth’s surface because of ______________.______________.Ozone depletionOzone depletion

28. Water pollution can be caused by 28. Water pollution can be caused by pesticides and ________ used on farms.pesticides and ________ used on farms. fertilizersfertilizers


29. The ___ is the most reliable source of 29. The ___ is the most reliable source of energy for life on Earth.energy for life on Earth.

SunSun

30. A rise in Earth’s temperature possibly 30. A rise in Earth’s temperature possibly caused by an increase in greenhouse gases, caused by an increase in greenhouse gases, is known as ______________ . is known as ______________ . Global warmingGlobal warming

CompletionComplete each statement

31. Sunlight _________.renewable

Short answerShort answerDescribe each of the following conceptsDescribe each of the following concepts

32. The destruction of ozone by 32. The destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbonschlorofluorocarbons

The chlorine atoms in CFC’s can break The chlorine atoms in CFC’s can break up ozone molecules and destroy ozone’s up ozone molecules and destroy ozone’s ability to absorb UV radiationability to absorb UV radiation

answeranswer

Short answerShort answerDescribe each of the following conceptsDescribe each of the following concepts33. The cause of the difference in 33. The cause of the difference in temperature between the equator and the temperature between the equator and the poles.poles.Because Earth’s surface is curved not all Because Earth’s surface is curved not all areas receive the same amount of radiation areas receive the same amount of radiation from the Sun. The equator receives more from the Sun. The equator receives more direct radiation so its temperatures are direct radiation so its temperatures are higher. The poles receive less direct higher. The poles receive less direct radiation so their temperatures are lower radiation so their temperatures are lower

answeranswer

Short answerShort answerDescribe each of the following concepts:Describe each of the following concepts:

34. The two most abundant gases in our 34. The two most abundant gases in our atmosphere.atmosphere.

Nitrogen and oxygenNitrogen and oxygen

answeranswer

Use the chart to answer the following Use the chart to answer the following questions:questions:thermomethermometerter

Original Original temperatutemperaturerereadingreading

TemperatTemperature after ure after heat heat applied applied for 15 for 15 minutesminutes

TemperatTemperature after ure after heat heat turned off turned off for 15 for 15 minutesminutes

Above Above sandsand

25° C25° C 33° C33° C 26° C26° C

Above Above waterwater

25° C25° C 28° C28° C 27° C27° C35.Over which material did the air heat 35.Over which material did the air heat fasterfaster36.Over which material did the air cool 36.Over which material did the air cool fasterfaster

Answer sandAnswer sand

Answer sandAnswer sand

Short answerShort answer37. How can the temperatures of sand and 37. How can the temperatures of sand and water affect the climate of the area?water affect the climate of the area?

The differences in the heating and cooling The differences in the heating and cooling of land and water affect the movement of of land and water affect the movement of warm air in the area.warm air in the area.

answeranswer

Short answerShort answer38. How does this information explain the 38. How does this information explain the differences between land and sea breezes?differences between land and sea breezes?

Land warms more easily than water. During the Land warms more easily than water. During the day, cooler, denser air from over water flows day, cooler, denser air from over water flows over the land and forces up the warm air; this is over the land and forces up the warm air; this is a sea breeze. Land cools more quickly than a sea breeze. Land cools more quickly than water. At night the air above land cools, sinks water. At night the air above land cools, sinks and moves out over water, forcing up the and moves out over water, forcing up the warmer air over the water. This is a land breeze.warmer air over the water. This is a land breeze.

answeranswer

Use the circle graph to Use the circle graph to answer the following answer the following

questions.questions.

nitrogennitrogen

oxygenoxygen

Water vaporWater vapor0.0 to 4.0%0.0 to 4.0%

21%21%

78%78%

39. Which gas makes up about one-fifth of39. Which gas makes up about one-fifth of Earth’s atmosphere?Earth’s atmosphere?

Answer oxygenAnswer oxygen40. About what percent of Earth’s 40. About what percent of Earth’s atmosphere does water make up?atmosphere does water make up?

Answer 0 to 4%Answer 0 to 4%41. How could you express the amount of 41. How could you express the amount of nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere as a nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere as a fraction?fraction?

Answer 3/4 to 4/5 Answer 3/4 to 4/5

42. The following sentences appear in an events The following sentences appear in an events chain concept map that shows how CFC’s chain concept map that shows how CFC’s destroy the ozone layer. Number the sentences destroy the ozone layer. Number the sentences in the order in which they would appear on the in the order in which they would appear on the mapmap

1.1.A regular two atom O molecule is formedA regular two atom O molecule is formed

2.2. A chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon A chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon molecule comes near a molecule of ozonemolecule comes near a molecule of ozone

3.3. The ozone molecule breaks apartThe ozone molecule breaks apart

2

42. The following sentences appear in an events The following sentences appear in an events chain concept map that shows how CFC’s chain concept map that shows how CFC’s destroy the ozone layer. Number the sentences destroy the ozone layer. Number the sentences in the order in which they would appear on the in the order in which they would appear on the mapmap3. 3. The ozone molecule breaks apartThe ozone molecule breaks apart

1. 1. A regular two atom O2 molecule is A regular two atom O2 molecule is formedformed

2. A chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon 2. A chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon molecule comes near a molecule of ozonemolecule comes near a molecule of ozone

Think for yourselfThink for yourself

43. Where is the air pressure the greatest, at Where is the air pressure the greatest, at sea level or on a mountaintop? Explainsea level or on a mountaintop? Explain

answeranswer

Air pressure is greatest at sea level because there are more molecules pushing down from above.

Think for yourselfThink for yourself

44. Discuss some of the possible effects of Discuss some of the possible effects of global warming.global warming.

answeranswer

Global warming could alter the amount of rainfall, affecting food production. Polar ice caps could melt, raising sea levels, and flooding coastal areas. The numbers and severity of storms and hurricanes also could.

Characteristics Of The Atmoshere Q And Aaa

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