Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

Lesson 1

InvertebratesInvertebrates

• Identify the characteristics of animals.

• Identify cell differentiation in the development of a typical animal.

• Sequence the development of a typical animal.

Section Objectives:Section Objectives:

What is an animal? What is an animal? Name the all the different Name the all the different types of animals you see types of animals you see in the pictures below.in the pictures below.

Fawn, pig, goat girl and calf

Characteristics of Animals Characteristics of Animals

• A. Must be able to obtain food.• B. Be able to digest food.• C. Adaptations• D. Reproduce• E. Movement

Characteristics of AnimalsCharacteristics of Animals9:57 min9:57 min

Sessile Sessile

• Organisms that are permanently attached to one spot.

• These animals have some moveable parts for gathering food and protection.

• Ex: Sea anemone

camocamo

MotileMotile

• Free moving stage in the life cycle of a sessile animal.

• Use the water movement to move.

What might be some What might be some advantage to being motile in advantage to being motile in the early parts of the life the early parts of the life cycle of a sessile organism?cycle of a sessile organism?

• Advantage is so they might move away from parent. Start a new colony etc.

GlycogenGlycogen

• A polysaccharide used for food storage.

FertilizationFertilization

• Occurs when a sperm penetrates the egg.

• May occur internally or externally.

1.

2.

1. All2. Movement, Be able to Obtain food,

Able to digest food,

Adaptations, Reproduce

Answer is:

Multicellular heterotrophic Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryoteseukaryotes

• Have more than one cell and must obtain food and energy by eating other organisms.

Embryo development Embryo development

• 1. Fertilization • 2. Zygote • 3. Cleavage- zygote divides• 4. Blastula - when the embryo becomes a

hollow ball of cells. • 5. Gastrula - As the blastula continues to

develop, certain cells move inward from the surface, forming a two - layered, cup- shaped embryo.

Body Plans 6:18 minBody Plans 6:18 min

The animals pictured below The animals pictured below are probably ______.are probably ______.

• Sessile

Areas of the gastrula Areas of the gastrula • A. Ectoderm - cells on the outer

surface.• B. Endoderm - Layer of cells lining the

inner surface.• C. Mesoderm - A layer some animals

have that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm. Area where different organs and tissues develop.

• 14. Endoderm

• 15. Mesoderm

• 16. Openings in gastrula

• 17. Ectoderm• 18. Endoderm

19. Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

• 20. Endoderm• 21. Mesoderm• 22. Ectoderm• 23. Mesoderm

Protostome - proht uh stohm Protostome - proht uh stohm

• Animal with a mouth that develops from the opening in the gastrula.

• Snails, earthworms, and insects are examples of protostomes.

Deuterostome – Deuterostome – dew tihr uh stohm dew tihr uh stohm

• Animal in which the anus develops from cells elsewhere on the gastrula .

Sea Cucumber

Fertilization

First cell division

Additional cell divisions

Formation of a blastula

Gastrulation

Formation of mesoderm

Sperm cells

Egg cell

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Cell Differentiation in Animal

Development

LarvaLarva

• Intermediate stage of development. Usually bears little resemblance to the adult animal.

• (Ex; butterfly)

You have just discovered a You have just discovered a new organism that you think new organism that you think is an animal. In order to be is an animal. In order to be classified an animal, what classified an animal, what characteristics must it characteristics must it have?have?

• Movement, Reproduce, Adaptation, Able to digest food, Be able to obtain food

If the animal described below is a sessile If the animal described below is a sessile organism, write yes.organism, write yes. If not write NO If not write NO

A. Barnacles attached to a ship’s hull.A. Barnacles attached to a ship’s hull.B. A spider lying in wait in the center of its web.B. A spider lying in wait in the center of its web.C. Coral larvae drifting in a tropical ocean.C. Coral larvae drifting in a tropical ocean.

D. Sponges growing on the outside of crab’s shellD. Sponges growing on the outside of crab’s shell • A. Yes• B. No• C. No• D. Yes

The animal’s digestive The animal’s digestive tract forms from the tract forms from the _________ layer._________ layer.

• Endoderm

1. _____ animal with a mouth that 1. _____ animal with a mouth that develops from the opening develops from the opening in the gastrula.in the gastrula. 2. _____ embryonic structure of 2. _____ embryonic structure of an animal that consists of an animal that consists of two cell layers .two cell layers .

• 1. Protosome• 2. Gastrula

3. ______ describes organisms that 3. ______ describes organisms that don’t move from place to place.don’t move from place to place.4. ______ layer of cells lining the 4. ______ layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula.inner surface of the gastrula.5. _____ layer of cells on the outer 5. _____ layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula.surface of the gastrula.

• 3. Sessile• 4. Endoderm• 5. Ectoderm

6. ______ single layer of cells 6. ______ single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space surrounding a fluid-filled space that forms during early that forms during early development.development.7. ____ third cell layer formed in 7. ____ third cell layer formed in the developing embryo.the developing embryo.

• 6. Blastula• 7. Mesoderm

More InvertebratesMore Invertebrates

• Compare and contrast radial and bilateral symmetry with asymmetry.

• Trace the phylogeny of animal body plans.

• Distinguish among the body plans of acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate animals.

Section Objectives:Section Objectives:

Body Plans Body Plans

• Most can be compared on the basis of symmetry and segmentation.

Body symmetryBody symmetry

• Arrangement of body parts around a central axis. Balance in proportions of an object.

Radial symmetryRadial symmetry• Body parts radiating from a central

axis.• Can be divided along any plane,

through a central axis. • Ex: Sea star

Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry• Body parts arrange in pairs on either side

of a central axis. Generally have more complex sense organs. Tend to be located in the anterior end. Animals can generally move faster.

• Can divide down it’s length into similar right and left halves.

AsymmetryAsymmetry

• Irregular shaped body. • Usually a sessile animal.• Ex: sponge

What shape?What shape?

• Radial

What shape?What shape?

• Bilateral

DorsalDorsal• Refers to back surface.

VentralVentral• Refers to belly

surface.

PosteriorPosterior

• Refers to rear or tail end.

AnteriorAnterior

• Refers to front or head end.

SegmentationSegmentation

• Body parts divided into repeated units or segments.

• Ex: earthworm, human vertebrae

AcoelomateAcoelomate• Organisms that have

the 3 cell layers, (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) , but no body cavities.

• Ex: flatworm

Acoelomate Flatworm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Body cavityDigestive tract

Coelomates (see loh mayts)Coelomates (see loh mayts)

• Coelom - A fluid filled space that is completely surrounded by mesoderm.

• Greatest diversity of animals is found in this body plan.

Ex: earthworms, humans, insects.Ex: earthworms, humans, insects.

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Body cavity

Digestive tract

Coelomate Segmented Worm

Coelom

Pseudocoelom - (sewd uh see Pseudocoelom - (sewd uh see lum)lum)

• Fluid - filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm. Organisms called pseudocoelomates.

• Ex: roundworm

Mouth

Intestine

Round body shape

Anus

• 1. Bilateral Symmetry (could divide into pairs)

• 2. Moves, legs, central axis

• 3. Tree

• 4. Asymmetry (No shape, irregular)

• 5. Probably sessile• 6. Stew• 7. Radial Symmetry

(Divide any place equal, or same)

• 8. Not as complex, can’t move as fast

• 9. Flower

ExoskeletonExoskeleton• Hard encasement on

the surface of an animal.

• Ex: insects, crabs, snails and clams.

EndoskeletonEndoskeleton

• Rigid framework inside of an animal. This skeleton in echinoderms may be made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3); cartilage as in sharks or bones.

• Ex: human, vertebrates.

VertebratesVertebrates• Animals with a

backbone. All are bilaterally symmetrical animals that have endoskeletons.

InvertebratesInvertebrates• Animals

without a backbone.

Jellyfish

Sea Anemone

Coral

Animal fossils become abundant at Animal fossils become abundant at the beginning of the Cambrian the beginning of the Cambrian

period. period.

• Scientist have traced evolution back in time to this period.

FossilsFossils

• Oldest known fossils of animals are more than 600 million years old. Scientist theorize may be as early as 700-800 million years ago.

Animal Ancestors 9:47 minAnimal Ancestors 9:47 min

InstrumentsInstruments

InstrumentsInstruments

InstrumentsInstruments

Microscope Triple Beam Balance

A sea star exhibits _______.

D. bilateral – posterior

C. bilateral – anterior

B. asymmetry

A. radial symmetry

Question 1Question 1

The answer is A, radial symmetry.

Which of the following animals does NOT exhibit radial symmetry?

D. sea urchin

C. octopus

B. starfish

A. jellyfish

Question 2Question 2

The answer is C. An octopus exhibits bilateral symmetry.

As you look at the cross sections of animals in the following figure, give the reason why animals with the basic cross section in the middle and on the far right will tend to be larger than animals with the far-left cross section.

Question 3Question 3

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Body cavity Digestive tract

Acoelomate Flatworm

Pseudocoelomate Roundworm

Coelomate Segmented Worm

PseudocoelomCoelom

Question 3Question 3

AnswerAnswer

The development of fluid-filled body cavities made it possible for animals to grow larger because it allowed for the efficient circulation and transport of fluids, and support for organs and organ systems.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?

D. prokaryotic

C. heterotrophic

B. multicellular

A. eukaryotic

The answer is D.

Question 4Question 4

Sessile animals _______.

D. live only on land

C. are permanently attached to a surface

B. are autotrophs

A. live only underground

Question 5Question 5

The answer is C. Sessile animals are permanently attached to a surface.

Ingestion is another word for _______.

D. eating

C. breathing

B. physically responding to a light stimulus

A. digestion

Question 6Question 6

The answer is D, eating.

Which of the following pairs of terms is not related?

D. coral – larvae

C. flatworm – coelom

B. mollusk – shell

A. sponge – spicule

The answer is C.

Question 7Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a vertebrate feature?

D. pseudocoelom

C. bilaterally symmetrical

B. backbone

A. endoskeleton

The answer is D.

Question 8Question 8