1. One of the reasons that Soviet history had such importance in wider world history during the twentieth century was:

China and Cuba used Russian models and added their own twists; revolutionaries elsewhere in Latin America and Asia, and also in Africa and the West, drew inspiration from the Soviet system. For several decades after 1945, as Western colonial controls receded, Soviet ideological influence seemed to rival the West’s cultural outreach. (729)

2. The key theme of Russian history from 1985 forward has been: Dissolution of the communist system (729) 3. What were causes of the failure of the initial revolutionary government? The liberal leaders tried to maintain their war effort, which increased economic misery and popular discontent. Liberal leaders also held back from the massive land reforms expected by the peasantry. (730) 4. What was Lenin’s solution to the Russian participation in World War I? Lenin and the Bolsheviks—soon renamed the Russian Communist Party—handled the war by signing a humiliating peace treaty with Germany that gave up huge sections of western Russia in return for an end to hostilities. Though this treaty was nullified by Germany’s defeat at the hands of the Western allies, Russia was ignored at the Versailles peace conference. (730) 5. What response did the Russian revolution provoke elsewhere in Europe? Russia’s revolution produced foreign hostility. Britain, France, the United States, and Japan all sent troops against the communist threat, although they pulled back quickly. (731) 6. How did Stalin’s view of communism differ from that of Lenin? Stalin represented a strongly nationalist version of communism in contrast to the more ideological and international versions of many rivals. Under Stalin, the revolutionary leadership, while still committed in theory to an international movement, pulled back to concentrate on Russian developments. Stalin in many ways represented the anti-Western strain in Russian tradition. (732) 7. Despite the loosening of Soviet control over eastern Europe following Stalin’s death, what

aspects of Soviet domination continued to be enforced? 8. The artistic style that received official state preference under Stalin was: Socialist Realism: a style bent on glorifying heroic workers, soldiers, and peasants. (741)

9. What Russian author of Gulag Archipelago was exiled to the West, but found life there too

materialistic? Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (743). 10. How did the government maintain pressure on the Soviet family?

11. In what way did the social organization of the industrialized Soviet Union come to

resemble that of the West? Declining infant death rates caused by improved diets and medical care, along with growing periods of schooling and some increase in consumer expectations, made large families less desirable than before. As in the West, some minority groups maintained higher birth rates than the majority ethnic groups. Parents, especially in the managerial middle class, devoted great attention to promoting their children’s education. (744) 12. Explain the role of women in Russian industrialized society. Most married women worked, an essential feature of an economy struggling to industrialize and offering low wages to individual workers. Women performed many heavy physical tasks. They also dominated some professions, such as medicine. Russian propagandists took pride in the constructive role of women and their official equality, but there were signs that many women suffered burdens from demanding jobs with little help from their husbands at home. (744) 13. Immediately after Stalin’s death in 1953, what form of government was established? 14. What Russian leader significantly altered political, diplomatic, and economic policies in

the Soviet Union after 1985? Mikhail Gorbachev (746) 15. The term perestroika refers to: It refers to economic reconstructing, which Gorbachev translated into more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture. (747)

Chapter 31 Starts Here 16. Which of the factors limited Japanese economic advance prior to WWII? Japanese industry continued to lag behind Western levels, relying heavily on low-wage labor and the export of a small number of items such as silk cloth. (754) 17. Describe the Japanese government during the 1920s and early 1930s. Military leaders began to take a growing role in setting general diplomatic policy from the mid-1920s onward, at the expense of the civilian parties and politicians. They reported not to civilian authority but directly to the emperor. In essence, Japan experimented during the 1920s with a liberal political pattern, which seemed to give primacy to party maneuverings and electoral appeals but also antagonized the military and other conservative elite groups. As in Germany, various groups used the depression for a more sweeping protest against parliamentary forms. (755)

18. Explain the impact of the Japanese takeover of Korea prior to World War II. Japan formally annexed Korea in 1910; it ruled its new Asian colonies firmly, exacting taxes and raw materials while securing markets for its growing industrial output. (754) Japan’s firm control over Korea created important resentments, and Japanese economic policies did little to stimulate major new developments in the Korea economy. Colonial status prevented the generation of new institutions. (755) 19. What reforms did the Americans introduce to Japan during their occupation? The American occupation government, headed by General Douglas MacArthur, worked quickly to tear down Japan’s wartime political structure. The military forces were disbanded, the police decentralized, many officials removed, and political prisoners released. In the long run, American authorities pressed for democratization of Japanese society by giving women the vote, encouraging labor unions, and abolishing Shintoism as a state religion. Several economic reforms were also introduced, breaking up landed estates for the benefit of small farmers and dissolving the holdings of the zaibatsu combines. (759) 20. In what way was the restoration of an independent Korea complicated? The United States’ eagerness to obtain Soviet help against Japan resulted in Soviet occupation of the northern part of the peninsula. As the cold war intensified, American and Soviet authorities could not agree on unification of the zones. (760) {Basically, we wanted a democracy, and the USSR wanted communism.} 21. Describe the situation in Korea following the Korean War. Korea continued its dual pattern of development. North Korea produced an unusually isolated version of one-man rule as Kim concentrated his powers over the only legal political party, the military, and the government. South Korea and the United States concluded a mutual defense treaty in 1954; American troop levels reduced, but the South Korean army gained more sophisticated military equipment and the United States poured economic aid into the country. The political tenor of South Korea continued to be authoritarian. (760) 22. Which economic power of the Pacific Rim remained a European colony long after World

War II? Hong Kong (761) 23. What was the only weakness of the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan in

the 1980s? 24. Explain the development of Japanese culture in the postwar era. Japanese culture preserved important traditional elements, which provided aesthetic and spiritual satisfaction amid rapid economic change. Customary styles in poetry, painting, tea ceremonies, and flower arrangements continued. At the same time, aside from interior decoration and film, Japanese contributions to world culture were negligible. (762)

25. Which factors contributed to the amazing economic growth of Japan following the 1950s? Active government encouragement was a major ingredient. Educational expansion played a major role as Japan began to turn out far more engineers than did more populous competitors such as the United States. Foreign policy also played a role. Japan was able to devote almost its whole capital to investments in productive technology, for its military expenses were negligible given its reliance on United States protection. (763) 26. Explain the main differences between Japanese and Western women in the later 20th

century. Japanese women, though increasingly well-educated and experiencing an important decline in birth rates, did not follow Western patterns precisely. A feminist movement was confined to a small number of intellectuals. Within the family, women shared fewer leisure activities with their husbands, concentrating more heavily on domestic duties and intensive child-rearing than was true in the West by the 1970s. (764) 27. In the 1980s the Japanese government invested considerable money in teaching: Chop-stick training in schools… not kidding. (764) 28. Describe Korean economic growth after 1950. Huge industrial firms were created by a combination of government aid and active entrepreneurship. By the 1970s, Korea was competing successfully in the area of cheap consumer goods, as well as in steel and automobiles, in a variety of international markets. (765) 29. What is the primary export of Hong Kong? Textiles and clothing (768) 30. Because of the cultural influence of China on all of the Pacific Rim states, each stressed a

form of morality based on what philosophical system? Confucianism (768)

Chapter 32 Starts Here

31. In which of the regions of the world did Latin America belong? Latin America fit the Third World definition closely, despite great regional variety, but it also showed how loose this definition was. (773) 32. At the end of World War I, what nation emerged as the dominant foreign power in Latin

America? The United States of America (775) 33. The man who had been in charge of the Mexican government since 1876 at the time of

the Mexican Revolution was: Porfirio Diaz (775)

34. What was the primary goal of Zapata’s forces within the Mexican Revolution? In the southern province of Morelos, an area of old conflicts between Indian communities and large sugar estates, a peasant-based guerrilla movement began under Emiliano Zapata, whose goal of land reform was expressed in his motto “Land and Liberty”. (775) 35. Which major points were included in the revolutionary constitution of 1917 in Mexico? A new Mexican Constitution of 1917 promised land reform, limited the foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, placed restrictions on clerical education and church ownership of property, and promised educational reforms. The workers who had been mobilized were organized in a national confederation and were given representation in government. (776) 36. What is the policy of “indigenism” that was incorporated into many of the post-

revolutionary reforms in Mexico? The concern for the Indians and their contribution to Mexican culture lay beneath many reforms. Mexico attempted to “indianize” the nation through secular schools that emphasized nationalism and a vision of the Mexican past that glorified the Indian heritage and denounced Western capitalism. (776) 37. In 1934, Mexico nationalized its: Mexico nationalized its petroleum industry in a state-run monopoly. (777) 38. Summarize the state of Mexican political organization after the revolution. The revolutionary leadership hoped to institutionalize the new regime by creating a one-party system. This organization, called the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) developed slowly during the 1920s and 1930s into a dominant force in Mexican politics. It incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors and proved flexible enough to incorporate new interest groups as they developed. Although Mexico became a multiparty democracy in theory, in reality the PRI controlled politics and, by accommodation and sometimes repression, maintained its hold on national political life. (777) 39. In many Latin American countries, the traditional landowning oligarchy began to open

up the political system in order to meet the demand of what group to share in political power?

The middle class (779) 40. What was the primary difference between the Liberal governments in Latin America and

those of Europe? A middle class had emerged and had begun to enter politics, but unlike its western European counterpart, it gained power only in conjunction with the traditional oligarchy or the military. In Latin America, the ideology of liberalism was not an expression of the strength of this class but rather a series of ideas not particularly suited to the realities of Latin America, where large segments of the population were landless, uneducated, and destitute. (780)

41. What event brought an end to many of the Liberal governments in Latin America? The Russian Revolution (780), and the Great Depression (781) 42. What type of government did Getelio Vargas institute on Brazil between 1929 and 1945? He imposed an authoritarian regime within the context of nationalism and economic reforms, limiting immigration and eliminating parties and groups that resisted national integration or opposed the government. (782) 43. What caused the downfall of the first Peronist government in 1955? The military worried that Peron would arm the workers, and they feared Peron would begin to cut back on the military’s gains. The Peronist party became more radical and began a campaign against the Catholic Church. In 1955, anti-Peron military officers drove him into exile. (783) 44. Explain the revolution in Guatemala in 1954. A move to expropriate unused lands on large estates in 1953 provoked opposition from the landed oligarchy and from United Fruit, which eventually was threatened with the loss of almost half a million acres of reserved land. The U.S. government, fearing communist penetration of the Arbenz government and under considerable pressure from the United Fruit Company, denounced the changes and began to impose economic and diplomatic restrictions on Guatemala. At the same time, the level of nationalist rhetoric intensified, and the government increasingly received the support of the political left in Latin America and in the socialist bloc. In 1954, with the help of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, a dissident military force was organized and invaded Guatemala. The Arbenz government fell, and the pro-American regime that replaced it turned back the land reform and negotiated a settlement favorable to United Fruit. (784-785; I recommend you read that entire section, as it gets confusing.) 45. Who was the leader of the Cuban revolution that overthrew Fulgencio Batista? Fidel Castro overthrew the government of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. After 2 years in jail and studying warfare Castro finally took power when Batista fled from the country due to war. (785) 46. What Argentine revolutionary assisted in the overthrow of the Cuban government in

1956? Ernesto “Che” Guevara (785) 47. Describe the outcome of the Cuban revolution Castro launched a program of sweeping change. Foreign properties were expropriated, farms were collectivized, and a centralized socialist economy was put in place. Relations with the United States were broken off in 1961, and Cuba increasingly depended on the financial support and arms of the Soviet Union to maintain its revolution. Dependence on the Soviet Union led to a crisis in 1961, when Soviet nuclear missiles, perhaps placed in Cuba in case of another U.S. invasion, were discovered and a confrontation between the superpowers ensued. (786)

48. The revolutionary government of Cuba traded economic dependency on the US for: 49. Which countries were affected by a military coup during the 1960s and 1970s? Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Peru (787; Read paragraph 6) 50. Explain the progress of democratization in Latin America during the 1980s. 51. Conservative governments and dictatorships established in the aftermath of U.S. military

intervention in Latin America were referred to as: Banana Republics (791) 52. What U.S. president introduced the “Good Neighbor Policy” that promised to deal more

fairly with Latin American countries and to half direct military intervention? Franklin D. Roosevelt (792) 53. What led to the U.S. return to more aggressive policies including direct military

intervention following WWII? After World War II, the U.S. preoccupation with containment of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology led to new strategies in Latin America. (792) 54. Describe the status of women in Latin American politics and society. After World War I, women in Latin America continued to live under inequalities in the workplace and in politics. Women were denied the right to vote anywhere in Latin America until Ecuador enfranchised women in 1929 and Brazil and Cuba did the same in 1932. In some nations, traditional associations of women with religion and the Catholic Church in Hispanic life made reformers and revolutionaries fear that women would become a conservative force in national politics. Feminist organizations, suffrage movements, and international pressures eventually combined to bring about change. After achieving the vote, women tended to join the national political parties, where traditional prejudices against women in public life limited their ability to influence political programs. By the mid-1990s, the position of women in Latin America was closer to that in western Europe and North Aermica than to the other areas of the world. In terms of demographic patterns, health, education, and place in the work force, the comparative position of women reinforced Latin America’s intermediate position between the developed nations and the Third World. (795-6)