THE 1960S & EARLY 1970SCHAPTERS 31 & 32

“Each time you stand up for an ideal, you send forth a tiny ripple of hope.

- Robert Kennedy

Mrs. Price / APUSH

THE SIXTIES

LIVING WITH GREAT TURMOIL

ELECTION OF 1960

R: Nixon D: Kennedy Importance of TV: Debates Close election

THE CAMELOT YEARS 1961-1963

JFK’S DOMESTIC POLICY

New Frontier Promised end to racial discrimination Federal aid to farmers Federal aid to education Medical care for elderly

Difficulty getting proposals passed

JFK’S FOREIGN POLICY

Flexible Response Expanded Green Berets

Expanding US influence in peaceful ways Alliance for Progress Agency for International Development Peace Corps

BERLIN WALL

Aug 13, 1961: East German govt begins construction of wall separating East & West Berlin

To stop flow of East Germans

BAY OF PIGS

Project began by Eisenhower CIA trained Cuban exiles in Central America April 17, 1961: exiles land at Bay of Pigs,

Cuba No US air support, no support from locals failure

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Oct 1962 Oct 14: US learned USSR was building sites on

Cuba for nuclear weapons Oct 22: JFK orders blockade & to prepare for air

attacks Oct 26: Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in

exchange for US not invading Cuba

COLD WAR TENSIONS

Kennedy and Khrushchev establish a telephone hot line.

The US and USSR sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty-barring nuclear testing in the atmosphere, this eased Cold War tensions

IMPACT OF JFK

Forced integration of colleges Inspired idealism Space program Death allowed LBJ to accomplish his goals

TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

JFK is assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963

Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force One.

TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested and charged with the murder of the President.

The Warren Commission concludes that Oswald acted alone.

LBJ AND THE GREAT SOCIETY

LBJ’S PATH TO POWER:

Johnson's imitates FDR’s leadership style.

LBJ’s connection in Congress and Southern Protestant background secure him a slot with JFK.

The “Johnson Treatment”

JOHNSON’S DOMESTIC AGENDA: THE GREAT SOCIETY

Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender.

Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): to try to eliminate discriminatory hiring

WAR ON POVERTY

LBJ declares an “unconditional war on poverty.”

Economic Opportunity Act (1964): provided $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans and job training (Job Corps)

VISTA (volunteers in Service to America) and Head Start are formed to help the poor.

Food Stamps Aid to Families with Dependent

Children

ELECTION OF 1964

LBJ vs. Barry Goldwater LBJ plays to American fears of

nuclear war. LBJ wins by a landside, the

Democrats increased the majority in the Congress.

http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy

BUILDING THE GREAT SOCIETY Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost

medical insurance for over 65. Medicaid: health insurance to welfare

recipients 24th Amendment: eliminated poll taxes

THE WARREN COURT

The Supreme Court decisions become more liberal

Baker v. Carr – one person, one vote Engel v. Vitale – outlawed required prayers in

public schools Griswold v. Wainwright – declared a state law

that outlawed the use of birth control by married persons unconstitutional

RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

Mapp v. Ohio - evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court.

Gideon v. Wainwright - free legal counsel. Miranda v. Arizona – suspects must be read

their rights.

IMPACT OF THE GREAT SOCIETY

Extends the power of the federal government

New awareness of social problems. Debates over the effectiveness of the

Great Society programs result in a conservative backlash.

In 1966 Ronald Reagan a conservative wins the California governorship.

Costs of the programs have skyrocketed.

FREEDOM RIDERS

CORE attempts to test the Supreme Court decisions banning segregated seating on interstate buses

College Students rode the buses

Exposes Southern resistance to federal desegregation rulings.

INTEGRATION OF COLLEGES

Federal troops are needed to get James Meredith into all white University of Mississippi.

BIRMINGHAM 1963

From 1957-1963: 18 bombings in Birmingham.

MLK Jr. came to town to test methods

King led small band of marchers on April 12, 1963

MLK Jr. is arrested by Bull Conner

BIRMINGHAM 1963

King writes, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

On May 2nd, King plans a children’s march, Conner arrests 959 of them.

Press coverage shocks nation

Boycotts & protests convinces Birmingham to end segregation

MARCH ON WASHINGTON

To pressure Congress into passing the civil rights bill.

August 28, 1963: Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington

MORE VIOLENCE

September 1963: a bomb exploded in the 16th Street Baptist Church killing four young girls.

FREEDOM SUMMER (1964)

Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African-Americans in the South from registering to vote.

CORE and SNCC planned a voter registration drive in Mississippi

Three civil rights workers are killed because of their work involving voter registration

SELMA MARCH

In 1965 the SCLC decided to march on Selma

King hopes for violent white response to the march to push through a voting rights act.

Over 2000 African –Americans were arrested, Selma sheriff Jim Clark and his men attacked civil rights demonstrators.

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

enabled federal officials to register voters and outlawed voter literacy tests.

AFRICAN-AMERICANS SEEK GREATER EQUALITY

Divisions in the civil rights movement over tactics

De jure segregation: segregation by law. (In the South)

De facto segregation: segregation from habit and tradition (the North)

URBAN VIOLENCE

July 1964: race riot in New York

Aug 11, 1965: riot in Watts (Los Angeles)

1967: riots in over 100 cities

MALCOM X

Became a member of the Nation of Islam

1st advocated separatism; later moderated views

Insisted blacks had a right to defend themselves

Assassinated in 1965 by rivals in the Nation of Islam

BLACK PANTHERS

Advocated Black Power, Black nationalism and community development.

1968-A TURNING POINT

Martin Luther King, Jr. Tries to organize a Poor People’s Campaign to counter the angry rhetoric of Black Power.

On April 4, 1968 , King is assassinated by James Earl Ray.

REACTION TO KING’S DEATH

Worst wave of race riots in the nation’s history.

June 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

LEGACY OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

Civil Rights Act of 1968: banned discrimination in housing.

The number of African – Americans elected increased

Affirmative Action: the government passed laws requiring companies and colleges to hire or enroll groups that suffered from past discrimination.

ELECTION OF 1968

D: Humphrey R: Nixon American Independent Party: G. Wallace Violence at Democratic Convention in

Chicago Nixon wins

MOBILIZATION OF MINORITIES

Native Americans (AIM: American Indian Movement)

Hispanics (United Farm Workers – Cesar Chavez)

Women (NOW)

COUNTER CULTURE

Youth reject traditional values of middle class Long hair, shabby clothes Hippies Drug use

NIXON’S FOREIGN POLICY

Nixon Doctrine: US would honor its existing defense commitments but in future countries would have to fight their own wars

Period of Détente with China & Russia 1972: Nixon visits China 1972: SALT I Treaty with USSR

NIXON’S DOMESTIC POLICY

Economically conservative New Federalism: shifting responsibilities back

to states Active on the Environment:

EPA (1970) Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972)

THE BURGER COURT

Nixon appoints Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell, William Rehnquist

Was supposed to move court in a more conservative direction

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg BOE (1971): forced busing to integrate schools

Furman v. Georgia (1972): ruled current practice of capital punishment unconstitutional

Roe v. Wade (1973): struck down laws forbidding abortions

Bakke v. Board of Regents of CA (1978):banned quotas in admissions but race can be considered

ELECTION OF 1972

R: Nixon D: McGovern Nixon wins in a landslide (60.7% of popular

vote)

WATERGATE

Begins with burglary at Democratic headquarters

Men were working for CREEP Misuse of CIA, FBI, & IRS Nixon refuses to cooperate & tries to

interfere with investigation Nixon resigns Aug 1974