CHAPTER XIII EXCRETORY SYSTEM · 2018. 1. 18. · EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Objective •Define the term...
Transcript of CHAPTER XIII EXCRETORY SYSTEM · 2018. 1. 18. · EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Objective •Define the term...
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CHAPTER XIEXCRETORY SYSTEM
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Objective
• Define the term excretion and describe how this
process helps maintain homeostasis.
• Name the major metabolic wastes and the
processes by which they are formed.
• Describe the types of vertebrate kidney.
• Explain the parts of urinary system and the
processes of urine formation.
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• As an organism carries out its life processes,
• Waste products build up in the body fluids.
• If these metabolic wastes are not removed from
the body, the organism would die.
• Therefore, the organism must be able to remove
metabolic waste and other excess substances
that build up over time.
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Excretion
• Excretion is the process by which these waste
and excess substances are removed from the
organism.
• The process of excretion also removes excess
heat from the body, thus helping to keep the
temperature of the body constant.
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• In human and other complex animals,
• The organs of excretion are the lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin.
• These organs work with the circulatory, nervous, and endocrine system to keep the body’s internal environment constant.
• On other words, these organ systems maintain homeostasis.
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Major Metabolic Wastes AndTheir Excretory Organ
• The most important of the metabolic wastes
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Waterare
formedduring cellular respiration
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3.Nitrogen compounds ,such as ammonia,
urea, and uric acid ,are produced by the
breakdown of amino acid.
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4.Mineral salts, such as sodium chloride and
potassium sulfate, build up during metabolism.
-All of these wastes are poisonous in highconcentrations.
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• Many people confuse excretion with elimination.
• Elimination, or defecation, is the removal from
the digestive tract of unabsorbed and
undigested food in the form of feces.
• Since these materials have never entered the
body cells, they are not metabolic wastes.
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• The liver removes harmful substances, such as bacteria, certain drugs , and hormones from the blood.
• Within the liver, these substances are changed into inactive or less poisonous forms.
• Thus, the liver purifies or detoxifies, the blood.
• The inactive substances formed in the liver are returned to the blood stream and
• Are finally excreted from the body by the kidneys.
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Type of vertebrate kidney
- Vertebrate kidneys, or nephroi, are built in accordance with a basic structural pattern consisting of
1. Glomeruli , usually incorporated in renal corpuscles;
2. Tubules, surrounded by peritubular capillaries and
3. A pair of longitudinal ducts.
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- Variations in the details from fish to man are primarily in the number and arrangement of glomeruli and in the relative length of the tubules.
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- In present –day vertebrates
- The uriniferous tubules develop antero-posteriorly in two or three stages
- In succession these stages are
-pronephros,
-mesonephros, and
- metanephros.
- These stages have evolved from the original archinephros.
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Pronephros
- Pronephros develops in the anterior most part of the nephrotome
- There are only 1 to 13 uriniferous tubules in each, one pair to each segment.
- Near each tubule is a glomerulus but Bowman’s capsule and peritoneal funnel are lacking.
- The glomeruli are called external glomeruli
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- The uriniferous tubules of each pronephros open into a common pronephric duct
- Which runs backward to enter the embryonic cloaca.
- A pair of pronephroi become functional only in some cyclostomes and embryonic of all anamniote.
- In other vertebrates, they degenerate during development .
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Mesonephros
- Mesonephros develops from that part of the nephrotome which lies behind the pronephros.
- At first it consists of paired segmental uriniferous tubules,
- Each with a peritoneal funnel opening into the coelom,
- and a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman’s capsule.
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- These mesonephricuriniferous tubules join the existing pronephric duct on each side,
- Which is called mesonephricduct or Wolffian duct.
- Later, the mesonephrictubules undergo budding to form hundred of tubules,
- So that their segmental arrangement is lost.
- The later tubules have no peritoneal funnels.
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- Mesonephroi form the adult functional kidneys in some fishes and amphibians
- They form the kidneys of embryo of amniotes, which they degenerate in the adult.
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Metanephros
• The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation the metanephric duct that appear as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of the preexisting mesonephric duct.
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-The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into
the posterior region of the nephric ridge.
-Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of
metanephric tubules that come to make up the
metanephric kidney .
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• The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes ,and the metanephric duct is called the ureter.
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The Urinary System
-The urinary system is made up of the
-kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
-The two kidneys are the organs that produce
urine.
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-Urine passes from each kidney through a tube
called a ureter to the urinary bladder, where it
is stored.
-During urination ,the stored urine travels from
the bladder to the outside of the body through
the uretra.
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Urine Formation
Urine is made in the nephrons in two stages:
1.filtration
(𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)→ both useful substances
and wastes are removed
from the blood .
2.Reabsorption𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
→ some of useful
substances reenter the
blood to be used by the
body .
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Filtration
Filtration takes place in the glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules.
The blood that enters a glomerulus is under pressures.
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The pressure forces the filtrate, which include
1.Water
2.Urea
3.Glucose
4.Amino acid
5.Various salts
through the thin walls of the glomerulusinto Bowman’s capsule.
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- Blood cells and blood proteins, however, are too large to pass through the walls of the glomerulus.
- These substances remain in the blood.
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- The filtrate that enters Bowman’s capsule is like blood plasma, but it does not contain proteins.
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- If all of the filtrate that is formed were excreted.
- The body would lose too much water along with important nutrients and salts dissolved in that water.
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These substance
Remain in capillary
These substance
Enters into
Bowman’s capsule
plasma protein
cells
platelets
glucose
water
urea
amino acid
various salts
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Reabsorption
- After the filtrate has left Bowman’s capsule, reabsorption occurs in the renal tubule.
- It is the process of reabsorption that reducethe volume of filtrate and
- return various important substances to the blood.
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- Normally , as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules of the nephrons,
- about 99 percent of the water,
- all of the glucose and amino acid and
- many of the salts are reabsorbed.
- These substances are reabsorbed in to the blood by the capillaries that surround the tubules.
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- The reabsorption of water from the renal
tubules is an important means of water
conservation in mammals.
- Since most of the water is reabsorbed, the
substances left in the filtrate are highly
concentrated.
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- While water is reabsorbed by osmosis,
- Glucose
Amino acid and
salts
- ATP, the energy source for active transport, is
supplied by the many mitochondria found in the
cell of the renal tubule.
need active transport to be
reabsorbed
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- The tubules are lined with microvilli that
greatly increase the surface are through which
reabsorption can occur.
- The large area allows the reabsorption of huge
amounts of water and other substances.
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s
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After reabsorption - The fluid remaining in the
tubule is urine - The urine is made up of 1. Water 2. Urea and 3. Various salts.- Urine flows from the
tubule into the collecting ducts
- It passes out of the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, which is emptied from time to time through the urethra.
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- Amino acids are the breakdown products of proteins.
- Because excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body, they are broken down in the liver.
- The parts of the amino acids are charged into other substances.
Formation of Urea
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Form each amino acid
The amino group is changed into ammonia
(N𝐻3)
- The remainder of amino acid molecule either
is changed into pyruvic acid and used as an
energy source in cellular respiration or is
changed into glycogen or fat storage.
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- Because the ammonia produced from the amino group is very poisonous
- It is changed into the less harmful substance urea by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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-The urea diffuses from the liver into the blood stream.-The bloodstream, then carries the urea to the kidneys.-The kidneys filter urea from the blood, and -It is finally excrete from the body in the urine
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