Chapter One Assignment

8/14/2019 Chapter One Assignment

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Chapter 1 Vocab1. Annihilate

a. To utterly destroy or defeat.2. Recapitulate

a. To review by a summary3. Collaborate

a. To work with other parties4. Cavalcade

a. A procession of vehicles, ships,riders or carriages.5. Bureaucracy

a. A government with nonelected officials6. Feudalism

a. A system where vassals were protected by lords7. Accumulate

a. To gather or collect8. Hospitable

a. Treating or receiving strangers warmly9. Subdue

a. To conquer and bring into subjection10.Egocentric

a. Having little to no regard for interests other than ones own. 11.Ethnocentric

a. The belief in the superiority of ones culture12.

Massacre

a. The general slaughter of persons13.Heathen

a. An irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized person14.Atrocity

a. The state of being shockingly wicked15.Subjugate

a. Bring under control16.Pyre

a. A heap of combustible material17.Vehementa. Showing strong feeling18.Genocide

a. The killing of a large group of people19.Ideology

a. The ideas and manner of thinking of a group20.In Absentia


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a. While not present at the event, but being referred to21.Ingenious

a. Clever, original, and inventive22.Egalitarian

a. Believing in the principle that all people are equal23.Matrilineal

a. Inheriting or determining descent through the female line24.Patrilineal

a. Inheriting through the male line25.Nomadic

a. Migratory people26.Sedentary

a. Characterized by much sitting27.Subordinate

a. Treat of a lesser importance28.Tractable

a. Easy to control or influence29.Autonomy

a. A self-governing country or region30.Ostracize

a. Exclude from a society or group31.Pauper

a. A very poor person32.Indigenous

a. Originating or occurring naturally in a place33.Secular

a. Denoting activities that have no religious basis34.Intrepid

a. Fearless35.Infidel

a. A person who doesnt accept a particular faith36.Tribute

a. A gift given in acknowledgment37.Heretic

a.

Someone who doesnt conform to an attitude38.Flabbergast

a. To overcome with surprise39.Facilitate

a. To assist the progress40.Reciprocity

a. Mutual exchange


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Chapter 1 Non-Trad1. Arrival of the first peoples to New World

o WhoNomadic bands from Siberia

oWhat

Traveled to North Americao Where

Bering Bridgeo When

Between 1200014000 years agoo Why

To hunt big gameo Significance

This was the first time that humans had ever been on North America.2. Two theories of the peopling of the New World

o BeringianWho

o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendants.What

o Created advanced weaponry and advanced hunting tactics.Where

o North AmericaWhen

o Ended 14000 years agoWhy

o To create an easier and more relaxed civilizationSignificance

o It was the first step that the nomads took to improve their lives sincemoving to the Western Hemisphere

o Archaic eraWho

o Immigrants from the Bering Bridge and their descendantsWhat

o Started to change food habitsWhere

o North AmericaWhen

o 100002500 years ago


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Whyo There was a reduction in food from the overkilling of mega fauna.

Significanceo It was an agricultural revolution when the nomads started to

systematically clear and plant crops for food.

3. Two reasons why the mega fauna became extincto Pleistocene overkill

Whoo The nomads and the mega fauna

Whato Mega fauna was becoming extinct

Whereo North America

Wheno 10000 years ago

Whyo Overhunting and overkilling

Significanceo The biggest food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, was

becoming scarcer. One of the theories is that the nomads were

overkilling the mega fauna and not giving them time to reproduce.

o Shift of climateWho

o The mega faunaWhat

o Mega fauna was becoming extinctWhere

o North AmericaWhen

o 10000 years agoWhy

o Climate changeSignificance

o The major food source for the nomads, the mega fauna, wasbecoming extinct. A theory for their extinction was that the climate

was changing, causing the mega fauna to run out of grazing locations.

4. Archaic peoples changing subsistence patternso Who

Archaic people


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o WhatHumans were running out of their main food source, the mega fauna, and

they needed to find a more reliable and more renewable source of energy.

o WhyThe main source of food for the nomads was running out and there did not

seem to be a replacement that was as plentiful.

o SignificanceThis was the start of a shift of food trends for humans in North America.This shift was caused by the extinction of mega fauna, and the importance of

agriculture is still prevalence to this day.

5. Archaic peoples gender role distinctionso Who

Archaic peopleo What

Change in roles for femaleso Where

North Americao When

100002500 years agoo Why

The food surpluses and the agricultural revolution created more necessity forwomen to get involved with the decisions and tasks of society.

o SignificanceThis was the one of the most important times for women equality since the

beginning of time, and because of food surpluses, agricultural revolution, and

the fact that they were finding more time to enjoy and develop society created

this opportunity for women.

6. Crop surpluses lead too Who

Archaic peopleo What

Crop surpluses caused change in their lives, including the development oftrade routes and the social and political development.

o WhereNorth America

o When100002500 years ago

o WhyCrop surpluses created less responsibility for the nomads to find food and

keep their family fed, and they used that extra time to develop society.


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o SignificanceThe availability of food for the Archaic people caused them to have more

time on their hands. They used the extra time to develop society, including

giving women more important responsibility and more of a say in the

direction of the Archaic people.

7. Mississippian Cultureo Who

The tribes and groups living in the Mississippi River area.o What

They were a very important and advanced civilization for their time.o Where

Mississippi River areao When

2000 years before contact with Europeanso Why

The crop surpluses lead them to be able to create a very advanced civilizationthat still remains to this day.

o SignificanceThe Mississippians were an advanced race that used their time to develop and

evolve their society and to create structures that would amaze even to this day.

8. Inserto Cahokia in 1200

Whoo Cahokias people

Whato A very advanced and developed civilization that dominated an area as

large as New York State.

Whereo Mississippi River area

Wheno A.D. 1200

Whyo They were a very elaborate society that were very important to other

civilization in the area.Significance

o The Cahokia showed that Native Americans were in fact, veryevolved unlike what the colonists had showed.

o What does the burial of the man at Cahokia signify?They were a sacrificial society.They buried people alive


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They removed limbs for sacrifice.o Cahokias downfall

It is a mystery9. Contrasting World Views

10.Ghana Kingdomo Who

A large kingdom that dominated Africa.o What

One of the first kingdoms the Europeans encounteredo Where

West Coast of Africao When

Approx. 1000 A.D.o

SignificanceThe Europeans arrived in Africa and were surprised to find a civilization

comparable to their own.

11.Mali Kingdomo Who

A civilization that rose from the Ghana Kingdomo What

A result of a war in the Ghana Kingdomo Where

West Coast of Africao When

Around the 11thcenturyo Significance

A civilization that took the place of the destroyed Ghana Kingdom

Colonizing Europeans Native Populations in the New World

Land should be privately possessed. Had ranks of wealth. Men were the leaders and decision-

makers.

Saw trading as strictly an economicmatter.

Religion was bases around one god.

Land should be held in common. Most people were on the social

level of others.

Family membership was determinedthrough the female line.

Females had as much input as men. Saw the social and spiritual side of

trading.

Believed in spirits in nature


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12.Kinship systemo Who

Africanso What

A system of social and political ordero Where

Africao When

Before and during the Europeans arrival in Africao Significance

It was a different way of organizing society, one that the Europeans were notaccustomed to. The Africans organized people into groups, roles, and

categories whereas the Europeans mainly organized society by family.

13.Rebirth of Western Europeo Who

Western Europeanso What

Saw a resurgence in its statuso Where

West Europeo When

Around 1000 A.D.o Significance

Europe suffered for years with its weakening importance and economy.Thanks to long-distance trading from the Mediterranean, Western Europe

began to come back both economically and in its value to the area.

14.Feudalismo Who

Europeanso What

A system of land ownership and dutieso Where

Europeo When

Middle Ageso Significance

It was a system that had been used in Europe for a long time, but startedlosing its importance with the rebirth of Western Europe


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15.Black Deatho Who

Europeans and Africanso What

A major disease that engulfed the population and crippled the population.o Where

Europe and Africao When

13481349o Significance

The Black Plague hit Europe in the 14thcentury. It killed one-third ofEuropes population, and affected them for centuries.

16.Magna Cartao Who

Europeans aristocratso What

A bill that made the king have less powero When

1215o Where

Europeo Significance

English aristocrats were not happy with the amount of power the king had, sothey created a bill to make the king have less power.17.Europe lags behind England

o Europe lagged behind England because one, they were less affected by the move toenclose land.

o Rulers were also less successful in engaging the nobilities, and nobles never sharedgovernance with the king.

18.New monarchieso Who

Ambitious monarchs in France, England, and Spaino What

Sought social order and political stabilityo Where

France, England, and Spaino When

Second half of the fifteenth century


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o SignificanceCitizens in these countries were unhappy with their current government andway of life, and that was the main driving force behind the new monarchies

19.Initial objectives of explorationo Who

Europeanso What

Started exploring the areaso Where

Mediterranean and Asiao When

Late fifteenth centuryo Significance

Exploration was started by two initial goals.First was to avoid and bypass Muslim traders by finding a route to Asia.The other was to tap the African gold trade

20.Prince Henry the Navigatoro Who

The leader in one of Portugals most important momentso What

He led the fight to get Portugal recognized as an important place.o Where

Portugal and the surrounding areaso When

Late 14thand early 15thcenturyo Significance

Portugal was much unknown as a country until Prince Henry came along. Heled the country to explore the areas around Europe.

21.Mapo Who

Explorers that originated from Europeo What

A map of who, when, and where the explorers travelso Where

Mainly explorations from Europe to the Americas, although some went toAfrica, Russia, and around the word

o When14871610


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o SignificanceThe map shows that the Europeans were very focused on exploring the world

around them and getting as much use from it.

22.Portugal in the leado Who

Portugalo What

Started to become an important part of Europeo Where

Portugalo When

End of the fifteenth centuryo Significance

Portugal had been a relatively unimportant and overlooked country, but theystarted to become known to the area by first getting their independence, andthen shortly after started expeditions to explore the area.

23.Quadranto Who

Portuguese captainso What

Developed a way to navigate the seao Where

The seao When

1450so Significance

With the start of Portugals mission to explore the earth, they had to figureout a way to navigate the earth. So the invention of the quadrant system

helped navigators to know where they were.

24.Lateen-rigged caravelo Who

Sea captainso What

A way of shaping sailso Where

The seao When

1450s


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o SignificanceEuropeans could not go south along the African coast, and the invention of

triangle sails gave them the ability to explore new places.

25.Vasco de Gamao Who

Vasco de Gamao What

A European that was a sailoro Where

Europe and the Cape of Africao When

1497o Significance

Vasco de Gama was the first European that sailed around the Cape of Africa,which allowed them to colonize the Indian Ocean.

26.Christopher Columbuso Who

A European explorero What

Is sometimes said an exploitero Where

The Americaso When

15

th

centuryo Significance

Sometimes Columbus is called an exploiter as he caused a lot of troubles forthe Native Americans he encountered. However he saw many problems in

Europe and had to use the Americas as a refuge area.

27.Oct. 12, 1492o Who

European explorerso What

Arrived in the Bahamaso Where

Bahamaso When

Oct. 12, 1492o Significance

This was the moment when Columbus and his explores arrived in TheAmericas


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28.Second voyageo Who

Columbus and his explorerso What

Came to the Bahamas for a second timeo Where

Bahamaso When

Between 14941504o Significance

This began the realization that the Americas were a very rich and unused areathat could be used to the Europeans advantage

29.Martin Luthero Who

Martin Luthero What

A German monko Where

Germanyo When

Late 15th/Early 16thcenturyo Significance

He started a branch of Christianity that didnt relate with Rome.30.

Good works v. External evidence of grace

o WhoMartin Luther

o WhatThought about how to have faith

o WhereGermany

o When1500s

o SignificanceIt was a new way of thinking for Christian and it caught on very quickly.

31.Sale of Indulgenceso Who

Martin Luthero What

Attacked the concept of sale of indulgences


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o WhereGermany

o When1517

o SignificanceLuther was fed up with how Roman Christians could buy their way out of

punishment for sins, so he attacked the idea that you could buy your way out

of trouble.

32.95 Theseo Who

Martin Luthero What

Came up with argumentso Where

Germanyo When

16thcenturyo Significance

Martin Luther came up with 95 arguments against the practices of theChristian church and told Christians to practice true repentance

33.Luthers Attackso Who

Martin Luthero What

Attacked the state and the practices of the Christian churcho Where

Germanyo When


Luthers attacks on the state and practices caused the creation of a new branchof Christianity that is still predominate to this day.

34.Basic division between Catholics and Protestantso Who

Catholics and Protestantso What

With Luthers attacks caused a difference in some basic beliefs in Catholicsand Protestants

o WhereGermany and eventually Europe


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o When16thcentury

o SignificanceThe attacks on the Catholic religions practices caused some Catholics to unite

their beliefs and from a new religion called Protestant. Their beliefs differed

from marriage, sacraments, and luxuriousness of the clergy. They also differed

on religious authority.

35.John Calvino Who

A Frenchman that helped Protestantso What

Helped the Protestant Reformationo Where

Franceo When

1536o Significance

The Protestant Reformation, or when Protestants started spreading theirmessage to others and getting the rules of their religion set.

36.Calvins reformso Who

John Calvino What

He started to reform and shape Protestanto Where

France and Europeo When

Mid-16thcenturyo Significance

Even though Luther started the religious branch of Protestant, they didnt getvery far in determining what their rules and morals were.

37.King Henry VIIIo Who

A king that did something other kings didnto What

He was the first king to become Protestanto Where

Englando When

16thcentury


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o SignificanceKing Henry VIII, after being told by the Pope that he couldnt divorce and

remarry, decided to become a Protestant, becoming the first king to do so.

38.Anglican Churcho What

A branch of Protestanto Where

England and Europeo When


This was a branch of Protestant that was further away from Catholicism39.Treaty of Tordesillas

o WhoPortugal

o WhatAllowed to move the line that Portugal can go to

o WhereSpain and Portugal

o When1494

o SignificancePortugal needed to go to some areas in the Americas, but the pope

demarcated, or marked as off limits the West Hemisphere. But with the treaty,they moved the line more west, allowing Portugal to explore parts of the

Americas

40.Columbian Exchange Charto Who

Europe and the Americaso What

Items that were given and tradedo Where

Europe and the Americaso When


When Europeans started to explore and interact with the Americas, thereceived many things that they did not have in Europe. In return, Europeans

also gave the Natives many things, including diseases.

41.The Great Dying


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o WhoNative Americans

o WhatGot diseases

o WhereThe Americas

o When16thcentury

o SignificanceBack then, people werent very aware of the how the spread of bacteria and

infections happened. So when explorers went and made contact with the

Natives, they didnt know that they were passing germs and diseases that the

Natives werent immune to and would killhalf of the population in the

Americas

42.Silver strikeso Who

Spanisho What

Found large amounts of silvero Where

Boliviao When

1545o Significance

Silver was destined to be the standard of wealth. And everyone was focusedon finding it and obtaining it. So when the Spanish found large amounts in

Mexico and Bolivia, the Spanish focused their efforts in mining it.

43.Native peoples as labor supplyo Who

Natives to the areas around silver-rich locationso What

Were used as laboro Where

Bolivia and Mexicoo When


Europeans started to see that the Natives, along with Africans, were a verycost-efficient and plentiful source of labor. And with the silver boom and the

need for manpower, the Europeans used them for their own benefits.


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44.Price Revolutiono Who

Europeanso What

Saw a higher cost of livingo Where

Europeo When

Mid-sixteenth centuryo Significance

With the boom in silver and the increase in its availability, the cost of livingincreased as the cost of silver decreased. Many parts of Europe saw an

increase of double of what it was before. This was a problem as the wages of

most people did not increase to accommodate the increase in price.

45.Sugaro Who

Portugueseo What

Located sugaro Where

Lowlands of Brazilo When


The Portuguese, while discovering areas in South America, found sugar,which had not been available to the area. Portuguese explorers transported

millions of slaves over from Africa instead of using indigenous people.

46.Juan Ponce de Leono Who

A Spanish explorero What

Explored the southeast region of North Americao Where

North Americao When

1500so Significanceo He was one of the first peoples to start charting the southeast region of North

America.


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47.Hernando de Sotoo Who


Explored the western region of North Americaso Where

Western region of North Americao When

Mid 1500so Significance

De Soto and his team went and explored the Gulf region of North America.He met Native Americans and was very nice to them, until he found out they

did not have gold, which they were looking for. So the raiding their villages

and passed diseases to the Natives that they were not immune to.

48.Francisco Vasquez de Coronadoo Who


Cleared large areas of the southwest North Americaso Where

Southwest North Americao When

1540so Significance

De Coronado led a large team into the southwest, looking for gold, butinstead clearing the land for eventual Spanish colonization.

49.Christianity v. indigenous religionso Who

The Spanish and the Nativeso What

Started to deal with religiono Where

The southwest North Americaso When

Late 16thcenturyo Significance

The Spanish, wanting to spread Christianity to as many people as they could,started mixing in native beliefs with Christianity, which caused many natives

to accept those parts of Christianity.


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50.Kivaso Who

Pueblo Indianso What

Practiced their religiono Where

In underground chamberso When

Late 16thcenturyo Significance

The Pueblos practiced their religion in underground ceremonial chamberscalled kivas. When the Spanish came and started to spread their religion, they

came down to kivas and professed the Christian faith.

51.John Caboto Who

An English explorero What

Started the exploration in the New World for Englando Where

Europe and the Americaso When

Late 16th/early 17thcenturyo Significance

England, upon discovering that the Americas were a new, plentiful area,wanted to get a piece of the action. But the Portuguese and the Spanish were

already well rooted in the area. But John Cabot started the explorations and

the chance for England to acquire a part of the Americas.

52.Englands interest in the New Worldo Who

The Englisho What

Started formulating their plans for the new worldo Where

The New Worldo When


Englands prospects for the New World was very different than the Spanishand Portuguese. They just wanted to fish, the gold for the English.


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53.Conflict between Catholic Spain and Protestant Englando Who

The Spanish and the Englisho What

Started to disagree because they had different religionso Where

Europeo When


The religious tension between the two branches of Christianity caused manymajor problems for both sides. One of the problems was that Queen

Elizabeth I was overthrown because of her religious choices.

54.Summer of 1588o Who

English and Spanish troopso What

Got into a fighto Where

English coasto When

Summer of 1588o Significance

This fight was started by the Catholic-Protestant conflict that had beenbrewing for several years before the conflict. It started with Queen Elizabeth

sending 6000 English troops to aid Dutch Protestants. Later, a Spanish

armada was launched to conquer England. The fight happened when the

English met the Spanish

55.Two Richard Hakluytso Who

People that wanted England to expand overseaso What

Wanted England to colonize the New Worldo Where

Englando When

Late 16thcentury


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o SignificanceThey were one of the driving forces behind getting England to start an

exploration into the New World. They highlighted some advantages to help

convince English leaders to go to the New World. Some of them are new

estates, new markets for merchants, new people to spread religions to.

56.Roanoke Island Colony, N.C.o Who

English settlerso What

Started a settlement in the New Worldo Where

North Carolinao When

15851588o Significance

This was the first attempt at a settlement in the New World by the English. Itstarted in 1580s. They perished apparently because of local tribes after they

killed a tribal leader.

57.Spanish Portuguese colonizing effect v. English colonizing effortso Who

The Spanish and the Englisho What

Traveled to the New Worldo Where

The Americaso When


When the Spanish went and attempted to colonize the Americas, they causedmany effects in the Americas. One of them is that they spread man diseases

and killed a lot of people. Another is they raided the natives and abused them.

The English started colonizing after the Spanish. The started to colonize by

first starting a settlement, but that didnt go so well.

58.Causes for emigration to New World(p.32)o Who

Emigrants to the New Worldo What

Had many reasons to emigrate to the New Worldo Where

The New World


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o When17thcentury

o SignificanceEmigrants to the New World had many reasons to emigrate from Europe and

to the New World. Some of the reasons are because of religious restrictions in

Europe. Some people wanted to go to the New World because they wanted to

explore.

59.Split image of native peopleo Who

Colonistso What

Perceived Native Americans in two different wayso Where

The New Worldo When


The Natives were depicted in two ways by colonists who had heard aboutthem through the explorers. The first was that they were a gentle people who

were very welcoming. The second was that they were a flesh eating savage

as some attacked the colonists.

60.Native Americans control of land becomes a problemo Who

Native Americanso What

Caused trouble for the Europeans because they didnt privately own lando Where

The Americaso When


The practice of the Native Americans to not privately own land started toaffect the decisions of the colonists. They started to wonder what right can

we enter into the land of these savages, take their rightful inheritance fromthem, and plant ourselves in their places. The colonists partially overcame

this ethical problem by convincing themselves they didnt want to take the

land but to share it with them.

61.Europeans justify rights to native soilo Who

Europeans


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o WhatTry to justify taking Native Americans land

o WhereThe Americas

o When17thcentury

o SignificanceThe Europeans tried to overcome the ethical roadblock by convincing

themselves that they werent taking the land, but merely sharing it. They also

thought that they would offer those technological advances and the Christian

religion.


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Wheeler Questions

Physical appearance (bodies, hair, clothing, jewelry, and so on). This description can provideimportant clues about Cortss attitude toward the Indians he confronted.

o The Indians were described to be average size, with well-proportioned bodies andfeatures. They had piercings of the ears, nostrils, and lips. Their clothes were longveils. Men wore loincloths and mantels, while women wore what would be like

dresses today, some covering their breasts.

Nature or character (childlike, bellicose, cunning, honest, intellectual, lazy, and so on). Besure to note the examples Corts used to provide his analysis of the Indians nature or

character.

o The Indians were observed to be very religious, with many visits to temples, whichwere highly decorated and adorned. They however were very violent with their

sacrifices, killing and eviscerating them and burning them as sacrifices. Even though

they had very gruesome sacrifices, Corts complimented them with being faithful,

feverous, and diligent, and said that if they were converted to Christianity that itwould surely work miracles.

Political, social, and religious practices (behavior of women, ceremonies, eating habits,government, and so on). Descriptions of these practices can provide excellent insight into

the explorers general perception of the Indians he encountered. Be especially sensitive to

Cortss use of descriptive adjectives.

o The Indians were very religious, dedicating a substantial about of time and effort intotheir mosques, or temples, which were decorated and adorned. They were a highly

sacrificial society however, often sacrificing their body parts like their ears, and some

would offer their blood by spraying it. These practices, although not necessarily

deserving punishment, was definitely horrible and disturbing.

Overall impression of the Indians. What was Cortss collective image or impression?o Corts and the explorers thought that the Indians were very loyal to their religion

and thought they were dedicated. However their sacrifices and rituals disturbed and

disgusted many of the colonists. Corts also saw them as sinful as they had sexual

practices that werent agreeable to the Christian faith.

What did Corts think should be done with the Indians?o He wanted them to be converted to Christianity.

Chapter One Assignment

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