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Transcript of Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson...
Chapter
Ninth Edition
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
New World EncountersNew World Encounters
1
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Native American HistoriesBefore Conquest
• 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants
• 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America
• These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Routes of the First Americans
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture
• Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat– Some suggest they over-hunted and caused
the extinction of several large species– Global warming played a much bigger role in
allowing American Indians to enter heart of North America
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture
• 5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures– Crops included maize, squash, and beans – Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
permanent villages or large cities– Explains difference in Indian cultures in New
World
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Mysterious Disappearances
• Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon– Sophisticated irrigation– Well-built roads for transportation
• Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley– Large ceremonial mounds– Extensive trade network
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Mysterious Disappearances
• Cahokia—Mississippi Valley – Large ceremonial mounds– Far-flung trade network
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Aztec Dominance
• Aztecs settled valley of Mexico
• Center of large, powerful empire
• Highly-organized social and political structure
• Ruled through fear and force
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Eastern Woodland Cultures
• Atlantic coast of North America
• Native Americans lived in smaller bands
• Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering
• First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
A World Transformed
• Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures
• The rate of change varied from place to place
• Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
LONGHOUSE
• Woodland Indian longhouse
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Woodland Village
• Houses and crops
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Cultural Negotiations
• Diversity of language groups
• Place in society defined through kinship
• Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation
• Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships - feuds
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Confederacies ofEastern North America
• Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie
• Iroquois—central New York
• Powhattan—Chesapeake
• Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Threats to Survival: Trade
• Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans
• They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans
• Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Threats to Survival: Disease
• Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures
• Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease– Smallpox– Measles– Influenza
• Rate as high as 95%
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
• Slavery ancient custom • 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam
to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara
• They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq
• Africa – a history of empires – not a united society
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Trade Routes in Africa
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Slave Castle in Africa
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Beginnings of theSlave Trade
• Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa
• Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories
• Portuguese came for slaves and gold
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
How Many Slaves?
• Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year
• Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas
• By 1860—ca. 11 million
• Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Europe on the Eve of Conquest
• Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland”
• Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained– Rise of nation-states – Spread of new technologies/Renaissance – General Prosperity– Rise of population
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Conditions for Settlement in New World
• New Monarchs forged nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money
• Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps)
• General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes
• Population growth after 1450
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Imagining a New World
• Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
• Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
• Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Myths and Reality
• Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China)
• 1492—initial voyage
• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
• World knew world was round
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Myths and Reality
• 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient
• Made possible Spanish dominion in America
• Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver)
• Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil)
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Conquistadores
• Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
• By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated
• By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Voyages of European Exploration
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
From Plunder to Settlement
• Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors– Large land grants – Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute
• Appointed officials answered only to crown
• Catholic Church – Protected Indian rights– Performed mass conversions
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
From Plunder to Settlement
• By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World– Unmarried males intermarried – more racially
tolerant than English– Mixed-blood population emerged– More tolerant of Indians than English
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The French Claim Canada
• 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec
• French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada
• French crown makes little effort to foster settlement
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The French Claim Canada
• French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China
• Fur trade underpinned economy
• Indians became valued trading partners
• French fur traders – coureurs de bois
• Business adventure – no support from King of France
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The English Enterthe Competition
• Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547)
• England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Birth of English Protestantism
• Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World – 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in
Germany – 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in
Geneva
• Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Militant Protestantism
• Lutheran Reformation– God speaks through Bible, not through Pope
or priests– Justification by faith alone for salvation
• Calvinist Reformation– John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence– Predestination—some persons chosen by
God for salvation
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Militant Protestantism
• Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe– France—Huguenots– Scotland—Presbyterians– England—Puritans
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Religion, War, and Nationalism
• Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
• Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes
• Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire
• 1588—Spanish Armada defeated
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Irish Rehearsal forAmerican Settlement
• English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
• The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement
• To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric– They would view Native Americans the same
way
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584– He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen
• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
• The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery
• Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans
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America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Campaign to Sell America
• By 1600, no English settlements in New World
• Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization– Claimed that England needs American
colonies– New World was a paradise for the taking