REPUBLICAN REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE ASCENDANCY: THE

JEFFERSONIAN VISIONJEFFERSONIAN VISION

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Republican Identities in Republican Identities in a New Republica New Republic

An age of rapid population growthAn age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; two million more 7.2 million in 1810; two million more

than 1800than 1800– 20% black slaves20% black slaves– children under 16 the largest single children under 16 the largest single

groupgroup Strong regional identitiesStrong regional identities Early secession movements threaten Early secession movements threaten

national unitynational unity

North America in 1800North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of Empire Empire

Intense migration to West after 1790Intense migration to West after 1790 New StatesNew States

– Kentucky--1792Kentucky--1792– Tennessee--1796Tennessee--1796– Ohio--1803Ohio--1803

Western regional culture rootless, Western regional culture rootless, optimisticoptimistic

Native American Native American ResistanceResistance

Western settlers compete for Indian Western settlers compete for Indian landland

Indians resistIndians resist– Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeatedTecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated– Creeks defeatedCreeks defeated

Settlers reject Indian-White Settlers reject Indian-White coexistencecoexistence

Commercial Life in the Commercial Life in the CitiesCities

Economy based on agriculture and Economy based on agriculture and tradetrade

American shipping prospers 1793-American shipping prospers 1793-18051805

Cities associated with international Cities associated with international trade, otherwise marginal role in trade, otherwise marginal role in national life national life

Industrialization and mechanization Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmencraftsmen

Jefferson as PresidentJefferson as President

Jefferson personifies Jefferson personifies Republicanism’s contradictionsRepublicanism’s contradictions

Despises ceremonies and formalityDespises ceremonies and formality Dedicated to intellectual pursuitsDedicated to intellectual pursuits A politician to the coreA politician to the core Success depends on cooperation Success depends on cooperation

with Congresswith Congress

Jeffersonian ReformsJeffersonian Reforms

Priority to cutting federal debt, taxesPriority to cutting federal debt, taxes Federal expenses trimmed by cutting Federal expenses trimmed by cutting

military military Reduction of the army removes Reduction of the army removes

threat to Republican governmentthreat to Republican government Competent bureaucrats retained Competent bureaucrats retained

regardless of partyregardless of party Federalists retire from public lifeFederalists retire from public life Ambitious Federalists become Ambitious Federalists become

RepublicansRepublicans

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

1801--France buys Louisiana from 1801--France buys Louisiana from SpainSpain

1803--Jefferson sends a mission to 1803--Jefferson sends a mission to France to buy New OrleansFrance to buy New Orleans

Napoleon offers to sell all of Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for $15 millionLouisiana for $15 million

Constitution vague on Congressional Constitution vague on Congressional authority to purchaseauthority to purchase

Purchase departs from Republican Purchase departs from Republican principle of strict separationprinciple of strict separation

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase (2)(2)

Louisiana inhabitants French & Louisiana inhabitants French & SpanishSpanish

Jefferson denies them self-ruleJefferson denies them self-rule Louisiana governed from Louisiana governed from

WashingtonWashington Another Jeffersonian departure from Another Jeffersonian departure from

RepublicanismRepublicanism

The Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of commissioned prior to purchase of LouisianaLouisiana

Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805November 1805

Report on Louisiana’s economic Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchasepurchase

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and ClarkClark

Conflict With the Barbary Conflict With the Barbary StatesStates

North African states demand tribute North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterraneanfrom ships sailing in Mediterranean

Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”cannon”

U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary StatesStates

Action induces respect for U.S. rightsAction induces respect for U.S. rights

The Barbary StatesThe Barbary States

Jefferson’s Critics Jefferson’s Critics

Dispute over federal court systemDispute over federal court system Conflicts between RepublicansConflicts between Republicans Sectional dispute over the slave Sectional dispute over the slave

tradetrade

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Judiciary ActJudiciary Act

Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts filled with loyal circuit courts filled with loyal FederalistsFederalists

1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary 1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courtsAct of 1801 to abolish courts

Federalists charge violation of Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenurejudges’ Constitutional right of tenure

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) rules (1803) rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Federalist Marbury denied his Federalist Marbury denied his judgeshipjudgeship

Republicans claim victoryRepublicans claim victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Chief Justice John Marshall ensures

Federalist influence through judicial Federalist influence through judicial reviewreview

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: ImpeachmentsImpeachments

1803--Federalist John Pickering 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanityinsanity

Republicans begin fearing the Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an independent destruction of an independent judiciaryjudiciary

Jefferson exacerbates fears by Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach Federalist seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel ChaseSamuel Chase

Republican Senate refuses to convictRepublican Senate refuses to convict

Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:“Tertium Quids”“Tertium Quids”

"Tertium Quids" claim pure "Tertium Quids" claim pure Republicanism Republicanism

Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for pragmatismfor pragmatism

Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:The Yazoo ControversyThe Yazoo Controversy

Yazoo controversy Yazoo controversy – fraudulent land case in Georgia fraudulent land case in Georgia – Jefferson attempts to settle by providing Jefferson attempts to settle by providing

land to innocent partiesland to innocent parties– Quids complain settlement condones Quids complain settlement condones

fraudfraud Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

– Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s settlementsettlement

– court may nullify unconstitutional state court may nullify unconstitutional state lawslaws

Murder and Conspiracy: Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of The Curious Career of

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks

with Jeffersonwith Jefferson 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support

in 1804 New York governor’s race in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s

effortsefforts Burr kills Hamilton in a duelBurr kills Hamilton in a duel

The Burr ConspiracyThe Burr Conspiracy

Burr flees West after Hamilton duelBurr flees West after Hamilton duel Schemes to invade Spanish territorySchemes to invade Spanish territory Burr arrested, tried for treasonBurr arrested, tried for treason John Marshall acquits on John Marshall acquits on

Constitutional grounds of insufficient Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidenceevidence

Precedent makes it difficult for Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason presidents to use charge of treason as a political toolas a political tool

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Congress prohibits slave trade after Congress prohibits slave trade after 18081808

Northern Republicans call for Northern Republicans call for emancipation of any black smuggled emancipation of any black smuggled into the U.S.into the U.S.

Southern Republicans win passage of Southern Republicans win passage of law to hand such persons over to law to hand such persons over to state authoritiesstate authorities

Embarrassments Embarrassments OverseasOverseas

1803--England and France resume 1803--England and France resume warwar

American ships subject to seizureAmerican ships subject to seizure– by England through “Orders in Council" by England through “Orders in Council" – by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan

DecreesDecrees Jefferson refuses war to preserve Jefferson refuses war to preserve

financial reformfinancial reform Embargo--Jefferson’s alternative to Embargo--Jefferson’s alternative to

warwar

Embargo Divides the Embargo Divides the NationNation

1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships 1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships from leaving portfrom leaving port

Purpose: to win English, French Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rightsrespect for American rights

Embargo unpopular at homeEmbargo unpopular at home– detailed government oversight of detailed government oversight of

commercecommerce– army suppresses smuggling army suppresses smuggling – New England economy damagedNew England economy damaged

A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War

1808--James Madison elected 1808--James Madison elected PresidentPresident

1809--Embargo repealed in favor of 1809--Embargo repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act– U.S. will resume trade with England and U.S. will resume trade with England and

France on promise to cease seizure of France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vesselsU.S. vessels

A New Administration A New Administration Goes to War (2)Goes to War (2)

Madison reopens English trade on Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed promise of British unconfirmed promise of British ministerminister

English reject agreement, seize U.S. English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that opened trade with Englandships that opened trade with England

A New Administration A New Administration Goes to War (2)Goes to War (2)

Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces the Non-Intercourse Actthe Non-Intercourse Act

Trade with both England and France Trade with both England and France reestablishedreestablished

First nation to respect American First nation to respect American rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the otherother

Napoleon promises to observe U.S. Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but reneges when trade rights but reneges when trade reopenedreopened

Fumbling Toward Fumbling Toward ConflictConflict

Tecumseh’s Western campaign seen Tecumseh’s Western campaign seen as supported by Britishas supported by British

Congressional War Hawks demand Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to preserve American war on England to preserve American honorhonor

June 1, 1812, Madison sends June 1, 1812, Madison sends Congress a declaration of warCongress a declaration of war

War aims vagueWar aims vague

The Strange War of The Strange War of 1812:1812:

Early CourseEarly Course Americans unprepared for warAmericans unprepared for war

– Congress refuses to raise wartime taxesCongress refuses to raise wartime taxes– New England refuses to support war New England refuses to support war

effort effort – United States Army smallUnited States Army small– state militias inadequate state militias inadequate

1813--U.S. wins control of Great 1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In BayLakes in Battle of Put-In Bay

Strange War of 1812:Strange War of 1812:The War’s ConclusionThe War’s Conclusion

1814--three-pronged English attack 1814--three-pronged English attack – campaign from Canada to Hudson River campaign from Canada to Hudson River

Valley stopped at Lake ChamplainValley stopped at Lake Champlain– campaign in the Chesapeake results in campaign in the Chesapeake results in

burning of Washington, siege of burning of Washington, siege of BaltimoreBaltimore

– campaign for New Orleans thwarted by campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815Andrew Jackson, January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed December, Treaty of Ghent signed December, 18141814

The War The War of 1812of 1812

Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Demise of the

FederalistsFederalists Federalists convene December, 1814Federalists convene December, 1814 Proposed Constitutional changes to Proposed Constitutional changes to

lessen power of South and Westlessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Treaty of Ghent, victory of New

Orleans makes Convention appear Orleans makes Convention appear disloyaldisloyal

Federalist party never recoversFederalist party never recovers

Treaty of Ghent Ends the Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarWar

Most problems left unaddressedMost problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of

Ghent Ghent Americans claim success in a Americans claim success in a

"second war of independence""second war of independence"

Republican LegacyRepublican Legacy

Founders begin to pass away in Founders begin to pass away in 1820s1820s

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826 both die July 4, 1826

James Madison dies in 1836 James Madison dies in 1836 – despairs that Declaration’s principles despairs that Declaration’s principles

not yet extended to African Americansnot yet extended to African Americans