Chapter 9Lifespan Development

Sex and Biology

Period of Zygote

Sex and Biology

Sex and Biology

Female Reproductive Organs

Fertilization

Fertilization = sperm + ovum (the gametes) form a single new cell, a zygote.

The Start of LifeGenetics & Prenatal Development

Fertilization: The Moment of Conception

Famous picture from Life Magazine

The Start of Life The Onset of Development

Germinal Stage(first two weeks)

Germinal disc 0.8 hours post fertilization

Blastocyst

The Start of Life The Onset of Development

Germinal Stage(first two weeks)

Three days post fertilization. Artificially inseminated, 69 Chromosomes

This single cell is transformed into something resembling a person by the human genetic code.

Zygote

Some important facts:

• The 23rd chromosome determines the sex of the child.– Females are XX.– Males are XY.– The FATHER’s sperm determines the sex of the child.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Turner’s Syndrome

The closer the genetic link between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores are.

Nature or nurture?

The Start of Life The Onset of Development

Near end of embryonic stage

Embryonic Stage (two to eight weeks)

The Start of Life The Onset of Development

Fetal Stage (eight weeks until birth)

Labor

Cesarean Section

The Competent Newborn: Milestones

• Head up• Rolling over• Standing alone• Crawling• Cruising• Walking

• One word• Sentences

Infants understand a LOT without being able to produce language.

Psychosocial Development In Childhood

• Harlows: Attachment determined by contact comfort, rather than food.

• (Attachment to an inanimate object is not sufficient for normal social development.)

• [next]

Cognitive Development In Childhood

• Sensorimotor• Preoperational (near end of second year – ~7): Operation

= mental action– Symbolic functioning– Centration; egocentrism [next]

• Concrete Operations• Formal Operations

– Love, shades of gray, values

Adolescence

• Puberty– Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. – “The adolescent growth spurt”– Girls begin their growth spurts earlier (approx. 2 years) and complete them

earlier.– By age 13, boys are taller on average.

• Androgens• Estrogens • Menarche• Cultural trends• Secular trends shows earlier maturation (next slide)

Young Adulthood

• Parenting– Authoritarian– Authoritative– Permissive– Negligent– Democratic

Middle Adulthood

• Physical changes > characterized by a gradual decline. • Visual and auditory sensitivity declines, muscle strength

decreases, and reaction time • Hormonal changes > menopause; marks the end of

childbearing. • Decrease in estrogen production can lead to osteoporosis.

Late Adulthood

• increase in susceptibility to disease.

• Dementia: degenerative, irreversable

• ~1/3 of 85+ may suffer from Alzheimer's disease

• Erikson: integrity versus despair– People who are unable to put their

life in perspective may experience anger, bitterness, and despair.

Death, Dying, and Bereavement

• Elisabeth Kubler-Ross– Denial– Anger– Bargaining – Depression– Acceptance