Chapter 9 Dynamic Pricing: Auctions and More (modifications by Judith Molka-Danielsen) 15.02.02

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Prentice Hall, 2002 1 Chapter 9 Dynamic Pricing: Auctions and More (modifications by Judith Molka- Danielsen) 15.02.02

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Chapter 9 Dynamic Pricing: Auctions and More (modifications by Judith Molka-Danielsen) 15.02.02. Learning Objectives. Types of auctions and characteristics Process of conducting forward and reverse auctions Benefits and limitations of auctions Services that support auctions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 9 Dynamic Pricing: Auctions and More (modifications by Judith Molka-Danielsen) 15.02.02

Page 1: Chapter 9 Dynamic Pricing: Auctions and More (modifications by Judith Molka-Danielsen) 15.02.02

Prentice Hall, 2002 1

Chapter 9Dynamic Pricing:

Auctions and More(modifications by Judith Molka-

Danielsen)15.02.02

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Learning Objectives

Types of auctions and characteristicsProcess of conducting forward and reverse auctionsBenefits and limitations of auctionsServices that support auctionsE-auction fraud and countermeasuresBartering and negotiatingFuture directions and the role of m-commerce

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Fundamentals of Dynamic Pricing and Auctions

Fundamentals Traditional auctions

Last only a few minutes (short decision making time) and sellers may not get highest price (unsure bidders do not bid)Bidders may not get what they want (no time to examine the goods)Physical presence of bidders, item, intermediaries often required.

Electronic auctionsLike offline auctions, performed on PCHost sites act like brokers (intermediary) Buyers may solicit offers from potential sellersMore potential bidders

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Fundamentals

Dynamic pricing refers to a commerce transaction in which prices are not fixed

Forms of dynamic pricing:NegotiationBargaining

Four major configurations depending upon how many buyers and sellers are involved:

One buyer, one sellerOne buyer, many potential buyersOne seller, one buyerOne seller, many potential buyers

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Figure 9-2Types of Dynamic Pricing

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Fundamentals

Dynamic pricing and auctions (cont.)English auctions (sequentially one item at a time)

Miniumum bid - specifies lowest sell priceCan have other criteria besides price (payment date)Usually one winnerCan take days on the Internet, minutes if live

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Figure 9-3English Auction, Ascending Price

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Fundamentals (cont.)

Dynamic pricing and auctions (cont.)Yankee auctions—multiple identical items with a minimum bid

Winner pays the winning bid (highest price)Can be used in reverse auctions (buyer controlled auction)

Dutch auctions—multiple identical items starting at high price and moving lower

Bidders specify price and quantityMultiple winners pay same price, can be lower that what you bid (but higher bids get priority)

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Figure 9-4Computerized Auction Clock

for Dutch Flower Auctions

Source: Used with permission of aquarius-flora.com.

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Fundamentals (cont.)

Dynamic pricing and auctions (cont.)Free fall (declining price) auction

One item auctioned at a timePrice starts high and is reduced at fixed time intervals

(Reverse Auction or tendering system) One buyer, many potential sellers. The buyer creates an RFQ (Request for Quote)(Double Auctions) Many sellers, many buyers. Stocks and commodities markets.

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Fundamentals (cont.)

Dynamic pricing and auctions (cont.)Sealed-bid first-price auction — silent auction, only one bid; item goes to highest bidderSealed-bid second-price auction — item awarded to highest bidder, but at highest second bid, also one bid, silent.

Also called a (Vickrey auction). It encourages bidding true value.

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Benefits

Benefits to sellers:Increase revenues: more potential bidders and shorter cycle times.Optimal price setting (get best price for buyers and sellers)Disintermediation — More money goes to the sellers instead of those running the auctions (they do less). Sellers post auctions themselves.Buyers and sellers – can have more contact and interaction, builds loyaltyLiquidation — easier for sellers trying to be rid of large quantities of obsolete items very quickly

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Benefits (cont.)

Benefits to buyers:Opportunities to find unique items and collectiblesChance to bargain — buyers can bid with seller for desired prices (price matches value)Entertainment — interaction in auction can be entertaining and excitingAnonymity—3rd party allows buyer anonymityConvenience — buyers trade from anywhere (Cell phone – Call-ins are also allowed more often in traditional auctions)

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Benefits (cont.)

Benefits to auctioneers:Higher repeat purchase rates — higher than on B2C sitesMore “sticky” Web site (tendency of customers to stay at site longer and come back more often)Expansion of auction business—Manheim Auctions

Sell program cars as response to Japanese efforts to penetrate U.S. car auction business80,000 car dealers involvedProvide services to customers

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Limitations

Possibility of fraudMay purchase a defective product buying sight unseenFraud rate is very high (false seller ratings)

Limited participationInvitation onlyOpen to dealers only

SecurityC2C auctions not necessarily secure (no 3rd party)B2B auctions conducted on highly secure private lines

SoftwareFew off-the-shelf packages that can handle auctions“Best practices” still being defined

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1. greater liquidity 2. Efficient way to find best price 3. At Low cost can hide market operations and offer product

quality4. Discovery used elsewhere: E-auctions can find

information required to price goods traded in traditional marketplace.

5. E-auctions can provide services at lower transaction cost, all other things equal

6. Customers abandon a market perceived as unfair (Trust in e-markets because buyers can be closer to the seller.)

7. Manage all from initiation to settlement and delivery.8. Delay in price response causes faster posting times:

result in feedback loops and instabilities: disrupt orderly trading

9. Different speed links can fuel unfair trading (delays)10.Order-driven e-auction markets say that markets must

clearly define when a sale has been made

Lessons of Auctions

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Economic Impacts (cont.)

Impacts Auctions as a coordination mechanism— to establish equilibrium in price (telecom bandwidth)Auctions as a social mechanism to determine a price

Offer special items , rare, at a single timeAttract considerable attention (telecom spectrum)

Auctions as a highly visibility distribution mechanismDeals with special offers (airline seats)Use the mechanism to attract customers (get attention of bargain hunters)

Auction as a component in e-commerce

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Auction Process and Software Support

Phase 1: Searching and comparing auctions and their prices

Mega-searching and comparisonsAuctionWatch.com—directory of auction sitesInternetauctionlist.com—news about e-auctions and specialty auctions worldwide

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Automated search servicesNotify buyers when items they are interested in are availableBuyers complete a simple form about the item

Browsing site categoriesDirectory of categories for buyers to browse—narrows their searchMay allow sorts by times auctions are held

DBasic and advanced searchingBuyers use search engines to look for a single term, multiple terms, key wordsAdvanced search requires a form to be filled out

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Phase 2: Getting started at an auctionRegistration and profiling

Sellers and buyers register before entering the auctionBuyers can check seller’s profile

Listing and promotingPricing

To post an item for bidding, sellers must decide on:

Minimum bid amountBid incrementReserve price (lowest price seller is willing to accept)

Search past auctions and the transacted prices to provide a benchmark for buyer’s bidding strategy

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Advertising wizard—helps users create attractive ads and auction postingsAuction assistant—helps create attractive auction listingsAuction eposter98—makes it simple to add pictures, program interacts with eBay

Auction wizard—auction-posting tool that saves cutting and pasting when uploading items for saleMister Lister on eBay— allows sellers to upload many items at a timeBulk Loader—seller can load several auctions into spreadsheet programs

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Phase 3: The actual biddingBid watching and multiple biddings

Buyers visit the user page of an e-auction Web site at any time to check status of an auctionThey can review bids and auctionsTools provided in the U.S. to view bids across several auction sites

BidWatchBid MonitorEasyScreen Layout

Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Auto-snipping–the act of entering a bid during the very last seconds of an auction and outbidding the highest bidder

E-proxy bidding—software system bids on behalf of the buyers

Buyer determines the maximum bidPlace first bid manuallyProxy executes the bids keeping bids as low as possible

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Phase 4: Post-auction follow-upPost auction notifications

Bidding notifications, End-of-auction notices, Seller noticesPostcards and thank-you notes

User communicationChat groups, Mailing lists, Message boards

Feedback and ratingPricing and billingPayment methods (transfer, escrow, credit cards)Internet Shipping and postage

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Auction Process andSoftware Support (cont.)

Reverse price auction—lowest price a seller is willing to acceptVertical auction—specialized auctions know as “auction vortals”

Used in B2BMany auction sites specialize in one area

Bid retractionCancellation of a bid by a bidder, used only in special circumstancesBids are usually considered to be binding

Featured auctionsExtra exposure when listed on Web sitesSellers pay extra for this service

Additional terms and rules

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Auctions on Private Networks

Pigs in Singapore and Taiwan (10 years)Forward auction of pigs that are brought to a physical site while data is displayed to biddersComputers monitor bidder’s financial capability

Cars on Japan’s Aucnet moved to private network, then on to Internet and into the U.S. but closed in 1998Livestock in Australia—electronic online system for trading cattle and sheep

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Double auctionsSingle auction

Item is offered for sale with multiple buyers making bids on the itemMultiple sellers make offers to sell an item

Double auctionMultiple units of a product may be auctioned off at the same timeBuyers and sellers can make bids during trading periods

Prices in double auctions—multiple buyers and sellers

Double Auctions, Bundle Trading, and Pricing Issues

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Double Auctions, Bundle Trading,and Pricing Issues (cont.)

Bundle trading—personalization and customization of products and services

Collection of complementary goods and services (e.g., airline tickets, hotel reservations, rental cars)Simplified, efficient alternative solution to purchasing from multiple sellersManagement and operation of bundle markets is complex and differs considerably from single or double auction markets

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Double Auctions, Bundle Trading, and Pricing Issues (cont.)

Prices in auctions: higher or lower?Prices tend to be higher when there is only one sellerAuctioneer has a better position to maximize revenuesPrices are lower in cases of liquidationSeller’s objective is to sell as quickly as possible

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Double Auctions, Bundle Trading, and Pricing Issues (cont.)

Pricing strategies in online auctionsBoth sellers and buyers may develop strategies for auctionsSellers have option to use different mechanismsBuyers need to develop strategy regarding increases in bids and when to stop bidding

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Gruppe 9a Lo205

Kjell Vidar Følsvik, Raymond Andre Hagen, Heidi Lyngøy

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Fastparts.com

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• Fastparts .com tilbyr følgende tjenester– B2B markedsplass for elektroniske

komponenter– De muliggjør handel med elektroniske varer via

Internet ved hjelp av tjenestene :• ComponentConnectTM • EquipmentConnectTM • SOLD!AuctionTM • Century Catalog services

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• ComponentConnectTM

– Tjeneste som viser hvilke komponeneter som det er mulig å kunne få tak i gjennom fastparts.com

– Komponentene som blir formidlet gjennom ComponentConnectTM innbefatter aktive og passive halvledere (semiconductors)

– Det finnes også en tjeneste som heter AutoWatch™ som virker som en venteliste på deler som er utilgjengelige på ComponentConnectTM

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• EquipmentConnectTM

– Det samme som for ComponentConnectTM, men en markedsplass for sammensetning av kretskort, og utstyr for utvikling av halvledere.

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• SOLD!AuctionTM

– Tilbyr umiddelbar tilgang på deler spesielt i store volum, men i motsetning til ComponentConnectTM tilbyr ikke SOLD!AuctionTM 1 års garanti på varene.

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• Century Catalog services

– Kanal hvor firma kan liste sine produkter, mens de har full kontroll over prising , betingelser og søkeparametre.

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• Takk for oss .....

• Applaus

• Neste gruppe

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FreeMarkets.com

Rune EnlienLene KlemetsenAre Haugsdal

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Oppgaven…

Oppgaven vår gikk ut på å skrive om FreeMarkets.com, og kommentere deres

tjenester.

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Budgivningstyper

• Transformation bidding• Index bidding • Net Present Value (NPV) bidding • Multiple Offering bidding • Rank-Only bidding

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The Sourcing Process

• Preparing and distributing detailed Requests for Quotation

• Identifying high-quality, global suppliers

• Preparing suppliers to bid online

• Conducting a real-time, interactive online market

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The Royal Bank of Scotland

"The cost analysis information extracted from our FreeMarkets events allows the Royal Bank of Scotland to plan strategically for long-term sustainable cost reduction and it creates a competitive advantage for our group."

-Ed Smith, Director, Group Purchasing Operations, Royal Bank of Scotland

"A key attraction of the FreeMarkets bidding process is that it doesn't require specific software or complicated technology. It can be downloaded almost exclusively from the Internet, so there are no IT conversion issues."

-Ed Smith, Director, Group Purchasing Operations, Royal Bank of Scotland

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Eksempel 1

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The end

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Gruppe 10Terje S. HellumSvein Johansen

Hilde L. Solheim

Compare MasterCard, VISA, Mondex, Europay`s B2B

solutions.

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Eurocard Purchasing – Innkjøpssystemer med store besparelser

• Europay Norge AS har utviklet et nytt produkt - Eurocard Purchasing. Innkjøp kan forenkles med store kostnadsreduksjoner som resultat. Kundene vil oppnå en klart merkbar ressursbesparelse, målt i både tidsbruk og ressursinnsats. Studier har vist at en bedrift bruker mellom kr. 300 - 1.000 i forbindelse med behandling av en innkommende faktura. Eksterne kompetansemiljøer anslår at bruk av Eurocard Purchasing vil kunne redusere prosesskostnadene med hele 60-80% i en organisasjon.

Også leverandørene vil oppleve flere fordeler ved å være tilknyttet ordningen.

          -Ingen kredittrisiko          -Minimal kunde- og reskontro-oppfølging          -Raskere oppgjør, bedret likviditet          -Mulighet for mersalg

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Eksempel

FORSVARET SPARER MILLIONER MED NYTT INNKJØPSSYSTEM

Eurocard Purchasing blir ny brikke på plass for forsvarets nye forsyningskonsept Forsvaret har inngått avtale med Europay Norge om leveranse av Eurocard

Purchasing (innkjøpsløsning) som et virkemiddel, for å effektivisere innkjøpsprosessene i Forsvaret. Avtalen har en varighet på tre år, og implementering starter umiddelbart.

 Vi har satt oss høye målsettinger for besparinger i Forsvaret. For oss er dette et strategisk virkemiddel for å oppnå dette, og dermed kanalisere ressursene til ’den spisse enden’ av Forsvaret, uttaler Kontreadmiral Jan Jæger, Sjef for Sjøforsvarets Forsyningskommando.

 Eurocard Purchasing vil kombinert med Den Offentlige Markedsplassen utgjøre viktige elementer for å forenkle innkjøpsprosesser i Forsvaret. Argus-prosjektet leverer med dette direkte nytteverdi for den operative delen av Forsvaret. Dette skal forenkle hverdagen til alle som driver med innkjøp i Forsvaret, enten det skjer direkte mot leverandører, eller via Markedsplassen, fortsetter Jæger.

 Kontrakten ble inngått etter en tilbudsrunde hvor de store aktørene i det norske

markedet deltok. Forsvaret foretar årlig innkjøp i størrelsesorden 7 milliarder kroner i segmentene

som er berørt av avtalen. Argus-prosjektet i Forsvaret skal innen 31.12-2004 ha besparelser på hele 350 millioner kroner på innføringen av det nye innkjøpssystemet.

 

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EUROPAY• Kunde bestiller som i dag - per telefon,

telefaks, email eller personlig oppmøte. Kortnummer, utløpsdato og eventuell konteringsinformasjon oppgis.

• Leverandøren autoriserer transaksjonen mot Europay Norge AS. Det foretas en sjekk mot de begrensninger som er definert for kortnummeret.

• Ved JA på autorisasjonsforespørselen leveres varen/tjenesten til kunde.

• Når varen/tjenesten er levert sendes den finansielle transaksjonen fra leverandøren til Europay Norge AS, som utbetaler oppgjør til leverandøren.

• Europay Norge AS fakturerer innkjøper i henhold til leverandørens leveranse. Innkjøper mottar samlefaktura enten per kort, avdeling eller hele enheten.

 

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Eurocard PurchasingHvorfor purchasing - Innkjøper  • Bedre kontroll i bestillingsøyeblikket:-         Kontroll mot beløpsgrenser i kortet-         Innkjøpers fullmakter/budsjetter kan ligge i

kortet        Effektivisering av fakturaadministrasjonen:-         eFaktura-         samlefaktura (kjøp fra alle leverandørene

på en faktura)-         enklere avstemming-         ingen faktura på avveie-         bedre kontroll-         budsjettstyring Pris Innkjøper        Pris etter nærmere avtale        eFaktura og tilpassing av denne er

gratis

 

  

Hvorfor purchasing - Leverandør        Større kundetilfredshet        Tilby kunden elektronisk

fakturering        Slipper print, pakking, porto,

purring        Forutsigbar likviditetsstrøm        Mulighet for raskere oppgjør        Garanterer oppgjør for utestående

fordringer        Tilgang til nye kunder Pris Leverandører        Provisjon av omsetning        Valgfritt antall oppgjørsdager

mellom 2 til 30 dager 

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• Faktura• Kunden bestemmer hvilke kort som

skal faktureres samlet samt format og forsendelsesmåte for elektronisk faktura. Samlefakturaen kan også sendes på papir om ønskelig og man kan alltid gå inn og se den via internett. Ved visning av faktura via internett velger organisasjonen hvem som skal ha tilgang til hva:

        Tilgang til å se hele fakturaen         Tilgang til å se alle kjøp gjort

på forskjellige kortnummer innenfor en gitt avdeling

        Tilgang til å se alle kjøp på et gitt kortnummer

 

• Rapporter/statistikker• Kunden definerer:         Hva man ønsker rapporter og

statistikker på         Hvem som skal få tilsendt

rapporter og statistikker         Når rapporter og statistikker

skal sendes • I hele prosessen er det viktig å ha

oversikt over:         dagens kostnader         potensielle besparelser         faktiske besparelser som man

oppnår

Eurocard Purchasing fortsetter…

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MASTERCARD• Vet du at store bedrifter årlig

mottar 25 000 – 50 000 fakturaer? Innkjøp under kr. 10 000,- utgjør ca. 10% av totalt innkjøp, men representerer opp til 80% av fakturavolumet? Det koster bedriften mellom kr. 300,- og kr. 1 000,- å håndtere en enkelt inngående faktura? (kilde: NIMA)

• Effektivisering med Purchasing Purchasing er ikke bare et innkjøpsskort men et helt innkjøpssystem. Systemet kan være kortbasert (fysiske kort) eller kortnummerbasert (kun et kortnummer som oppgis ved innkjøp). Erfaring fra utlandet viser at med et innkjøpssystem kan en bedrift redusere antall inngående fakturaer med 50%.

• MasterCard kan tilby kortkonsepter for alle typer bedrifter

MasterCard har utviklet kortløsninger for alle typer bedrifter. Kortkonseptene kan enkelt tilpasses de behov bedriften måtte ha – dette gjelder for såvel små bedrifter som for mellomstore og store bedrifter.

• Sannsynligvis vil din bedrift tjene på å ta i bruk et firmakort hvis 4 eller flere av bedriftens ansatte som forvalter bedriftens penger i form av representasjon, reising, innkjøp osv.

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VISA• Hva er Visa Purchasing?

Visa Purchasing er et kortbasert innkjøps- og betalingssystem med full elektronisk fakturainnsamling. Ved å benytte Visa Purchasing, kan en innkjøpsbedrift redusere kostnadene til innkjøp og remittering med inntil 60%.

• Handel med Visa Purchasing kan gi store effektivitetsgevinster, både for de bedriftene som benytter kortet til innkjøp (innkjøpsbedriftene) og for de leverandørene (leverandørbedrifter) som aksepterer innkjøpskortet ved salg av varer..

• Innkjøpsfunksjonen i bedriften desentraliseres i form av at det utstedes personlige Visa Purchasing kort til de ansatte.

• Det enkelte kort vil "inneholde" parametere som setter maksimums beløp per måned og per transaksjon, samt informasjon om hvilke bedrifter kortholderen har fått myndighet å foreta innkjøp hos.

• Ved å benytte Visa Purchasing ved administrative kjøp knyttet til innkjøp og fakturabehandling kan bedriften oppnå 50-90% reduksjon av de ordinære kostnadene.

• Undersøkelser viser at nærmere 80% av alle inngående fakturaer til en bedrift utgjør kun 10-20% av det totale innkjøpsvolumet, samtidig er prosesseringskostnadene mer eller mindre uendret. Banken vil sende detaljert fakturainformasjon på elektronisk fil til bedriften etter avtale.

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MONDEX – ET ELEKTRONISK BETALINGSSYSTEM • Om Mondex

Mondex er et elektronisk betalingssystem som har de fleste av egenskapene til kontanter. Vel så viktig er det imidlertid at Mondex bringer fordelene ved bruk av kontanter ut i den elektroniske verden. Med Mondex kan du betale kontant over Internett!

• Mondex er opprinnelig utviklet av NatWest Bank i England. Det kontrolleres i dag av det engelske selskapet Mondex International Ltd. Mondex International eies med 51% av MasterCard og med 49% av en rekke ledende internasjonale storbanker.

• Mondex International lisensierer systemet pr land ved å selge franchiser. Franchisen for Norge eies av ErgoGroup (med 99,5%) og av Telenor Conax AS (med 0,5%). Franchisen opereres av Mondex Norge AS.

• Mondex er pr. oktober 2000 solgt til i alt 74 land. Det er i drift i en rekke land, og flere har systemet under innføring. I Europa finnes Mondex i Frankrike, Storbritannia, Irland og Norge.

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Mondex -Teknologi• Mondex elektroniske penger bygger på moderne chip-teknologi.

Pengene oppbevares på en mikrochip som sitter i et plastikkort. Ved en betaling overføres de elektroniske pengene fra betalerens kort til mottakerens kort.

• Innen år 2005 vil også de vanlige bankkortene ha erstattet magnetstripen med chip, på grunn av mye bedre sikkerhet.

• Dialog og overføring av penger mellom kortene er beskyttet ved hjelp av kryptografi. Dermed kan betalingen skje over offentlige, usikrede nett, slik som Internett.

• Alle betalinger skjer direkte mellom to kort. Elektroniske betalinger kan derfor utføres direkte mellom kjøper og selger uten deltakelse fra tredjepart (banker, betalingssentraler). Vanlige kortholdere (forbrukere) kan fritt og direkte utveksle Mondex elektroniske penger.

• Mondex er ideelt som betalingsmiddel ved elektronisk handel. Transaksjonen er sikker, fordi betalingen går direkte finnes det ingen kredittrisiko, det skal ikke betales noen gebyrer til mellommenn, og

det er ingen fare for at noen kan misbruke kortet eller kontoen din.

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Hvilken er best?• Mondex er veldig fremtidsrettet, men muligens ikke helt på høyde enda. Systemet er

foreløpig under innføring. Tiden vil vise om de når opp i konkurransen.

• Mastercard har gode løsninger både til bedrifter og privatkunder. Nettsiden er lite informativ og gir lite opplysninger om deres bedriftsløsninger.

• VISA gir et solid inntrykk på bedriftsløsninger. Web-siden viser oversiktilig kommunikasjon mellom aktørene.

• Europay er godt tilpasset store bedriftskunder, og gir gode pakkeløsninger for godt etablerte bedrifter. De har et system som reduserer kostnadene med 60-80%

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Return to the Lecture…

• Thanks for the presentations.

• We may not review the entire second half in class, but you can read it.

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Fraud in Auctions and Its Prevention

Types of e-auction fraudBid shielding—the use of phantom bidders to bid at a very high price when an auction beginsShilling—sellers arrange to have fake bids placed on their items to artificially jack up pricesFake photos and misleading descriptions—sellers distort items (e.g., borrowing images, ambiguous descriptions)Improper grading techniques—description of the condition of an item may be interpreted differently between seller and buyer

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Fraud in Auctions and Its Prevention (cont.)

Selling reproductionsHigh shipping cost and handling fees—selling a reproduction described as an originalFailure to ship merchandise—money is paid out but merchandise never arrivesLoss and damage claims—buyers claim they never received an item or received it in damaged condition, request a refundSwitch and return—seller accepts a return, but receives broken or mangled objects

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Protecting against e-auction fraudUser identity verification—voluntary program encourages users to supply eBay with information for online verification—qualifies them for highest level of verificationAuthentication service—determines whether an item is genuine and described appropriatelyGrading services—determines physical condition of an itemFeedback forum—provides users with ability to comment on their experiences with other individuals

Fraud in Auctions and Its Prevention (cont.)

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Fraud in Auctions and Its Prevention (cont.)

Insurance policy—eBay offers insurance underwritten by Lloyd’s of London at no cost to eBay usersEscrow services—items valued at more than $200, eBay recommends escrow services (for a fee)Non-payment punishment—1st-time nonpayment warning, 4th offense is cause for suspension from auction

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Fraud in Auctions and Its Prevention (cont.)

Appraisal services—use a variety of methods to appraise items

Assessment of authenticity and conditionReview of what comparable items have sold for in recent months

Verifications—a way of confirming the identity and evaluating the condition of an item

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Bartering—exchange of goods and services

Bartering exchangesGive your offer to intermediaryIntermediary asses value of your product or service in”points” Use “points” to buy what you need

Bartering sites must be financially secureAlternative to bartering is to auction surplus and then use the money collected to buy items needed

Bartering Online

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Negotiating and Bargaining Online

Dynamic prices can be determined by negotiationNegotiated prices result from interactions and bargaining among sellers and buyers

Expensive items like cars and real estateDeal with nonpricing terms like payment method and credit

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Negotiating and Bargaining Online

Three factors that facilitate negotiated prices

Intelligent agents that perform searches and comparisonsComputer technology that facilitates negotiation processProducts and services that are bundled and customized

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Negotiating and Bargaining Online (cont.)

Technologies for bargainingSearch—gathering information about products, services, potential vendors and customersSelection—processing and filtering information in order to select a product and trading partnerNegotiation—interactions with bids, offers, agreements, and contractsContinuing selection and negotiation—repeated sequentially until an agreement is reachedTransaction completion—payment and delivery

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Benefits of online auctionsConvenience and ubiquitySimpler and fasterPrivacy

Limitations of online auctionsVisual qualityMemory capacitySecurity

Mobile Auctions

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General auctions—face regular problems of selling online in international environmentSelling art online in real-time auctions—allows real-time auction bidding and partners with eBayStrategic alliances—major impact on competition and industry structure

Future of Auctions

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Managerial Issues

Your own auction site vs. a third-party siteCost benefit analysisAuction strategiesSupport servicesPayment

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Managerial Issues (cont.)

Controlling what is auctionedChange agentBuilding auction applicationsBarteringBuilding auction sites

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Figure 9-9Components of a Comprehensive Auction Site

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Figure 9-10Integrated Auction Business Model