Chapter 8.Pptx Child Psych

8/12/2019 Chapter 8.Pptx Child Psych

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CHAPTER 8MARY R. BECK

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

PSY - 152

Early Childhood:

Biosocial Development


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Body Changes

Between 26 years of age, children grow almost 3

inches and gain about 4 lbs. per year

By age 6, average child weighs between 40 and 50lbs. and measures at least 3 feet

Low income now correlates with overweight and

obesity


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Body Changes - continued

Growth is slower from ages 26, fewer calories

needed per pound of body weight, appetite is smaller

Deficiency of iron, calcium and zinc

Overindulgence in sweets Just right or just so phenomenon children rigid

about daily routines and food preferences


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Brain Development

Between ages 26, the brain grows from 75% to

90%of its adult weight

Size of cortex increases, allowing for thinking,planning and language

Myelinationprocess that insulates the axons of

neurons and speeds transmission of neural impulses


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Brain Development - continued

Corpus callosumlong, thick band of nerve fibers

that connects the two sides of the brain

Lateralization specialization of the two sides of

the body and brain Left side of brain controls right side of body, dedicated to

logic, detailed analysis and language

Right side of brain controls left side of body, dedicated to

emotional and creative impulses


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Brain Development - continued

Prefrontal cortex final part of the brain to mature,

specializes in executive functions of planning,

prioritizing, and reflection, impulse control and

emotional regulation

Perseveration tendency to stick to a thought or action

for a long time, sign of immature prefrontal cortex

Impulsiveness failure to think before acting , sign of

immature prefrontal cortex


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Brain development - continued

Limbic system plays crucial role in expression

and regulation of emotions

Amygdala

registers emotions, especially fear andanxiety

Hippocampus central processor of memory, especially

for locations

Hypothalamus produces hormones that activate parts of

the brain and body


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Brain development - continued

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

hormonal feedback loop

Cortisolstress hormone. Excessive cortisol:

May destroy part of the brains hippocampus May permanently damage the limbic system and influence

emotional responses throughout life


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Improved Motor Skills

Maturation of the prefrontal cortex improves impulse

control

Myelination of the corpus callosum and lateralization

of the brain permits better physical coordination Gross motor skills improve dramatically (refer to

chart on page 238)

Pollutants (lead, pesticides, BPA in plastic) can harm

developing brains


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Improving Motor Skills - continued

Fine motor skills are harder for preschoolers to

master due to:

Immature corpus callosum

Immature prefrontal cortex

Fat fingers unsuited for many utensils, toys, and clothes

Children are imaginative, creative and not very self-critical


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Injuries and Abuse

In developed nations, more children die of violence

(accidental or deliberate) than from any other cause

Immaturity of prefrontal cortex makes children impulsive,

plunging into dangerous places and activities

Curiosity

Injury control/harm reductionbest approach to

safety education


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Levels of Prevention

Primary preventionpreventative community

actions that reduce everyones chance of injury

Secondary preventionpreventative actions that

avert harm in the immediate situation Tertiary preventionactions aimed at minimizing the

impact of an adverse event that has already

occurred


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Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatmentincludes all intentional harm

and avoidable endangerment of someone under age

18.

Child abuseall actions that are deliberately harmful to a

childs physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Child neglect

failure to act appropriately to meet a childsbasic physical, educational, and emotional needs


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Child maltreatment - continued

Reported maltreatment cases2.7 -3.5 million peryear

Substantiated maltreatmentinvestigated andverified cases1 maltreated child in every 80

Warning signs: Delayed development

Hypervigilance

Repeated injuries

Ongoing physical complaints No close friendships, hostility to others

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)


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Levels of prevention:

Primary preventionincrease stable neighborhoods and

family cohesiveness, decrease financial instability, isolation

and teenage parenthood

Secondary preventionspot warning signs and intervene to

keep a risky situation from getting worse

Tertiary preventionlimit harm after maltreatment has

occurred


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Permanency planningfind a long-term solution to

provide stability and support for a maltreated child

Foster carechildren are removed from parents custody and

placed with another family, which is reimbursed for expenses

occurred in meeting the childs needs

Kinship careform of foster care in which a relative of the

maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver

Adoptiona legal proceeding when an adult or couple

unrelated to the child is granted legal parenthood. Permanentoption

Chapter 8.Pptx Child Psych

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