CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population...
-
Upload
russell-dixon -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population...
![Page 1: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
C H A P T E R 7
THE HUMAN POPULATION
![Page 2: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY
• Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives:• 1.8 million infants born - 800,000 people die
• What factors influence Earth’s carrying capacity for humans?• Food, water, timber, fuel, disease• Advances in technology
• Will humans exceed Earth’s carrying capacity? • How do we know if we have?• What should we do about it?
• What are the moral, religious, and personal freedom implications?
![Page 3: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
WHERE ARE WE HEADED?
U.N. world population projection:based on women having an average of 2.5 (high), 2.0 (medium), or 1.5 (low) children
![Page 4: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FACTORS THAT DRIVE HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
• Demography – the study of human population trends (demographer – scientists in this field)
• Crude birth rate = number per 1,000 per year• Crude death rate = number per 1,000 per year• I = immigration (movement in) • E = emigration (movement out)• Global pop growth rate = CBR – CDR 10• Nation pop growth rate = [CBR + I] – [CDR + E] 10
![Page 5: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SOME COMPARISONS
Average crude death (blue) and birth (yellow) rates for various groupings of countries in 2006
![Page 6: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DOUBLING TIME
• The number of years it takes for a population to double
• Assumes that the growth rate is constant• Formula called the rule of 70• Doubling time (in years) = 70
growth rate• Example:Population growth rate of 2% will double in 35 years:
70/2 = 35
![Page 7: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FERTILITY
• Total fertility rate• Estimate of the average number of children for each
woman during her childbearing years• Not measured per 1,000 – is a measure per woman• In 2008 in the, U.S. TFR = 2.1
• Replacement-level fertility• The TFR needed to offset the average number of deaths
in a population so that the current population size remains stable
• This number is typically just over 2• This also depends on rates of pre-reproductive mortality –
death before a person has children – this depends on a country’s economic status
![Page 8: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
B I RT H RAT E S I N T H E U . S . 1 9 1 0 - 2 0 0 6
UNITED STATES
Click icon to add picture
![Page 9: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH RATES
• The cost of raising and educating children• Availability of pensions• Urbanization• Education and employment opportunities• Infant deaths• Marriage age• Availability of contraception and abortion• Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms
![Page 10: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FACTORS AFFECTING DEATH RATES
• Death rates have declined due to:• Increased food supplies and better nutrition• Advances in medicine• Improved sanitation and personal hygiene• Safer water supplies
• U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be (ranked 46th world-wide) due to:• Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor• Drug addiction• High teenage birth rate
![Page 11: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• Developed countries – those with relatively high levels of industrialization and income
• Example: U.S.• Typically have replacement-level fertility of 2.1• TFR = 2.1 population is stable• TFR < 2.1 population likely to decrease• TFR > 2.1 population likely to increase
• Developing countries – those with relatively low levels of industrialization and incomes of < $3 per person per day
• Example: India, China
![Page 12: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• China is the largest country – has taken drastic population control measures
• By 2050 India is predicted to pass China. Pakistan is projected to become 3rd, with Iran and Ethiopia following
• Russia is losing 600,000 people/year after being the 4th largest country in 1950 – due to environmental pollution, hyperinflation, crime, corruption, disease, despair
![Page 13: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
EFFORTS TO SLOW POPULATION GROWTH
Governments may try these tactics:1. Raising taxes2. Charging other fees3. Eliminating income tax deductions for a couple’s third child4. Loss of health-care benefits, food allotments, job options• In China, couples who pledge to have no more than one child receive:1. Extra food2. Larger pensions3. Better housing4. Free medical care5. Salary bonuses6. Free school tuition for their one child7. Preferential treatment in employment when their child enters the
job market
![Page 14: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CHINA
• Currently TFR = 1.6• Has moved 300 million people out of poverty• Problems:
• Strong male preference has lead to gender imbalance• Average population age is increasing• Not enough resources to support current population
![Page 15: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
INDIA
• Family planning program has basically failed due to:• Poor planning• Bureaucratic inefficiency• Low status of women• Extreme poverty• Lack of administrative financial support• Disagreement over the best ways to slow population
growth
![Page 16: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
THE BEST WAY TO SLOW POPULATION GROWTH
• A combination approach works best:1. Investing in family planning 2. Reducing poverty3. Elevating the status of women – especially
educational opportunities
![Page 17: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
LIFE EXPECTANCY
• The average number of years an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live – influenced by availability of health care, access to good nutrition, exposure to pollutants
• Usually expressed in 3 ways:• Overall (2008 - U.S. 78)• Men (2008 – U.S. 75)• Women (2008 – U.S. 81)
• Men usually have higher death rates:• Biological factors, greater workplace dangers, more
hazardous lifestyle choices, more likely to die in wars
![Page 18: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
• Infant – deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births• Child – deaths under age 5 per 1,000 live births• Sometimes the overall rates for a country vary
widely from those for a segment of the population:• Infant mortality in U.S. = 6.6• U.S. African Americans = 13.6• U.S. Native Americans = 8.1
• Related to socioeconomic status and varying access to adequate nutrition and health care
• An issue of environmental justice (Ch. 20)
![Page 19: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AGING AND DISEASE
• Disease is an important regulator of human population
• Infectious disease are the 2nd biggest killer worldwide after heart disease
• Tuberculosis and malaria have been biggest portion of this in the past
• Today, HIV is #1• HIV disproportionately infects people age 15-49
and so has a very disruptive impact on society
![Page 20: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
AGE STRUCTURE
• Visual representation of ages within a population• Males on one side, females on the other• Each bar = 5 year age group• Three categories:1. Pyramid – larger younger group; population will
continue to grow due to population momentum; typical of developing countries; Venezuela, India
2. Column – little differences in age groups; slow or no growth rate; U.S., Australia
3. Inverted pyramid – larger older group; population is actually in decline; Italy, Germany, Russia
![Page 21: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
EXAMPLES
![Page 22: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• Four-phase process of population and economic development as a country moves from subsistence economy to industrialization
• Phase 1 – pre-modernization; slow population growth rate• High death rates offset high birth rates
• Phase 2 – beginning modernization; rapid population growth rate• Death rates decline due to better sanitation and health
care but birth rate remains high• Phase 3 – stable population growth
• Birth rate slows• Phase 4 – declining population
• More elderly than young people
![Page 23: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
POPULATION SIZE AND CONSUMPTION
• Ecological footprint – the amount of resources a person uses by eating, drinking, generating waste, and consuming products
• 1/5th of the human population lives in developed countries but they consume more than ½ of the world’s energy and resources
• The U.S. has the largest ecological footprint of any country
• IPAT equation – an estimate of impact of humans• Impact = population x affluence x technology
![Page 24: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
COMPARISON OF FOOTPRINTS
![Page 25: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WHAT GOES INTO THIS?
![Page 26: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SUSTAINABILITY
• Meeting the essential needs of people in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
• Strives to improve standards of living without causing additional environmental harm
• How? Some ideas:• Slower human population growth• Understanding of the connections between economic
growth and environmental challenges
• This is a very important APES concept! Make sure you ‘get’ it!
![Page 27: CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN POPULATION. EARTH’S CARRYING CAPACITY Every 5 days the global human population increases by roughly 1 million lives: 1.8 million infants.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cea5503460f949b51d2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)