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Andrew McFarland uses his laptop computer to sort sheepnumbers. Advances in technology are revolutionising farm and

stock management. New technologies are one of several factorscausing change in Australian communities today.

Australian communities are changing. When Europeans occupied Australia over 200 years ago they began to change the physical and human environments that had existed here for thousands of years. In the last half of the twentieth century, the changes experienced by Australian communities were more rapid than at any other time since the arrival of Europeans. In this chapter, we look at how change has affected communities and how communities, including Indigenous communities, are responding to change.

A student:5.1 identifies, gathers and evaluates geographical information5.2 analyses, organises and synthesises geographical

information5.3 selects and uses appropriate written, oral and graphic forms

to communicate geographical information5.4 selects and applies appropriate geographical tools5.7 analyses the impacts of different perspectives on

geographical issues at local, national and global scales5.8 accounts for differences within and between Australian

communities5.9 explains Australia’s links with other countries and its

role in the global community5.10 applies geographical knowledge, understanding and

skills with knowledge of civics to demonstrate informed citizenship.

• Interpreting a satellite image (page 120)• Comparing old and new maps (page 122)• Using a topographic map (page 126)• Using fieldwork techniques to collect data (page 129)

Chapter 6

CHANGING AUSTRALIAN

COMMUNITIES

CHAPTER 6: CHANGING AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES

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biodiversity: the rich variety of all life forms on Earth, including plants and animals

commodity: an article such as a raw foodstuff (for example, wheat or wool) or a material (such as coal or gold) that is widely traded internationally

communities: groups formed by people with something in common and based on shared space and social organisation

demographic change: a change in the characteristics of a population described by statistics, such as growth rates, births, deaths and migration

demography: the study of populations, including characteristics such as growth rates, births, deaths and migration

ecologically sustainable: able to meet the needs of the present population without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their needs

globalisation: the breakdown of traditional barriers between nation-states allowing the movement of goods, capital, people and information

lifestyle expectations: the living standard expected by an individual or community. Lifestyle expectations change according to factors such as geographic location, socioeconomic status, culture and religion.

migration: the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one location to another

perspective: a way of viewing the worldprimary industry: industry that produces raw materials

such as wool and iron orequaternary (or information) industry: industry that

produces information in various formsregional centre: large rural town with a wide range of

goods and services; serves as the centre for smaller farming communities and towns

resources: features of the environment that can be used to meet human needs at present and in the future. Resources can be renewable (such as water and air) or non-renewable (such as coal and oil). Once a non-renewable resource has been used it can not be replaced.

rural–urban fringe: area where growing suburbs meet farmland

satellite image: image of the Earth’s surface transmitted from an orbiting satellite

secondary industry: industry where goods are made by hand or machinery

standard of living: or living standard, the amount of goods and services available for use in the community per head of population; mainly concerned with food, clothing, housing, education and health

tariff: a tax on imports designed to protect local industries from more competitive imports

tertiary industry: industry that provides a skill or servicetransnational corporation (TNC): a company or

organisation that possesses and controls the means of production, such as factories, mines, farms and financial organisations, in more than one country

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

World Heritage site: a place recognised as being of such great value that it should be preserved for all people and for all time

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Interpreting a satellite imageSatellite images show a much larger area of the Earth’s surface than photographs taken from an aircraft. The satellite records bands of light reflected from the Earth. These are coloured to clearly show features. Some of the common colours used on satellite images include:• black or dark-blue —

representing deep water because it absorbs light energy

• purple, light-blue or grey — representing urban areas

• bright green or pink — crops or other vegetation usually in a high rainfall or irrigated area

• darker green — forests• white — beaches, deserts or

bare areas with high amounts of reflection.

Look carefully at the satellite image of Sydney and complete the description below using the following words:

suburbs, airport, purple, forests, sixty, Blue Mountains, black, darker

The sprawling Sydney suburbs show up as on the 2002 satellite image. They stretch for kilometres from the coastline to the , following the Parramatta River and the Great WesternHighway. More densely populated areas show as patches within the urban area. onthe rural–urban fringe are represented by bright green on the image. Mountains and in the northof the image have restricted the spread of population in this direction. Botany Bay shows as a large area of

in the south-east of the image. An can be clearly seen jutting out into the bay.

N

0 5 10 km

Satellite image of Sydney, 2002

TOOLBOX

6.1DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

IN SYDNEY

Demography is the study of populations,including characteristics such as growth rates,births, deaths and migration. Demographicchange is one of the major factors causingchange in Australian communities today.

Sydney is Australia’s largest city. Sydney Har-bour has been the focus of Sydney life since 1788,when Australia’s first European settlement wasestablished at Sydney Cove. In the nineteenthand early twentieth centuries, Sydney spreadsouth and north. In 1932, the Sydney HarbourBridge was opened, linking the north and south

sides of the harbour and promoting furtherexpansion of the city to the north.

Along with Melbourne, Sydney has experi-enced some of the largest population increases ofall capital cities in recent years. Sydney’s sub-urbs have rapidly spread in a western directionfrom the central business district. The greatestincreases in population in 2002 were recorded inthe western suburbs of Blacktown, BaulkhamHills and Liverpool. Sydney’s growing urbansprawl is causing headaches for planners as theytry to absorb a quickly increasing population.

CHAPTER 6: CHANGING AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES

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Sydney Cove

Sydney Harbour Bridge

Bennelong Point

Sydney Opera House

Royal Botanic Gardens

Farm Cove

Darling Harbour

WoolloomoolooBay

WalshBay

Circular Quay

1. Observe the map of Sydney’s urban growth.(a) List three suburbs established

before 1880.(b) Which area developed as a

satellite suburb between 1880 and 1919?

(c) Use the scale to work out the distance between the city and Sydney’s three fastest-growing suburbs. How do they compare?

2. From which direction was the oblique aerial photograph of Sydney Harbour taken?

3. Which feature in the foreground of the photograph helped the spread of Sydney’s suburbs following its opening in 1932?

Worksheets6.1 Sydney suburbs codewords

puzzle

N

Mount Druitt

Riverstone

Windsor

RichmondNorth Richmond

Mulgoa

Wallacia

Bringelly

Greystanes

CastleHill

Berowra

Hornsby

Mount Kuring-gai

Terrey Hills

Palm Beach

Avalon

Mona Vale

ElanoraHeights

St Ives

Dee Why

Manly

FrenchsForest

Chatswood

North Sydney

City

Bondi

Randwick

MaroubraSydneyAirport

Kurnell

SutherlandLucasHeights

Menai

Hurstville

LakembaBelmore

Marrickville

LeichhardtBurwood

Lidcombe

Ryde

Epping

BeecroftBaulkham

Hills

Cabramatta

Mascot

Ramsgate

Guildford

Glenfield

Ingleburn

Narellan

ElderslieCamden Engadine

Heathcote Bundeena

Barrenjoey Head

Long Reef Point

North Head

South Head

CronullaCampbelltown

Blacktown

Parramatta

Fairfield

Liverpool

PenrithEmu

Plains

Milperra

Glenorie

Galston

Maraylya

Londonderry

Castlereagh

Luddenham

Padstow

BadgerysCreek

St Marys

Concord Vaucluse

Coogee

Balmain

Collaroy

Casula

Gordon

Highway

PrincesEagle Vale

Hum

e

GreatWestern

Highway

Pacif

ic

Round Corner

GlenmorePark

Mount Pleasant

Blackett

Northmead

WestPennant

Hills

Turramurra

Forestville Brookvale

Mosman

Paddington

Chifley

Kingsgrove

Holsworthy

Kareela

Hig

hway Cowan

HomebushBay

Box Hill

SevenHills

Pymble

Gladesville

Redfern

Woronora

Whale Beach

Narrabeen

Curl Curl

Asquith

Cromer

BalgowlahWilloughby

Lindfield

Lane Cove

DrummoyneFiveDock Rose Bay

Dover Heights

BronteWaverleyAshfieldStrathfield

Canterbury

ChesterHill

Granville

BossleyPark

BonnyriggBusby

HorsleyPark

MoorebankBankstown

NarweeRockdale

Earlwood

Botany

La PerouseSans Souci

ConnellsPoint

Peakhurst

AlfordsPoint

Hwy

Sylvania

CaringbahGymeaMinto

BradburyAirds

Claymore

Raby

MacquarieFields

MountAnnan

St Clair

CambridgePark

Mount RiverviewShalvey

QuakersHill

DoonsideMarayong Kings

LangleyCarlingford

RydalmereWestRyde

MacquariePark

CherrybrookGlenhaven Wahroonga

Mount Colah

Schofields

VineyardBligh Park

McGraths Hill

Wilberforce

Kingsford

Birrong

CapeBanks

Marsden Park

HoxtonPark

Prestons

CecilPark

Ingleburn

KellyvilleBerkshire

Park

Llandilo

Bate Bay

Port JacksonProspect

Reservoir

Geo

rges

Riv

er

Parramatta River

Sout

hCre

ek

Nep

ean

Riv

er

River

Broken Bay

Cow

an

Creek

TASMAN

SEA

Port Hacking

Pittw

ater

HawkesburyRiver

Grose

Cape Baily

BotanyBay

Parkland or forest reserve

Before 1880

Extent of urban area

1880–1919

1920–60

After 1960

Major road Other road Major railway River Lake

0 5 10 km

Sydney todaySydney today

Sydney’s urban growth over time

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Fast-growing suburbs on the outskirts of capitalcities are bringing about great change to commu-nities. Communities on the rural–urban fringeof cities undergo rapid change as suburbs takeover the land formerly occupied by farms. Typi-cally these areas attract a younger population,and new facilities open to reflect this demographicchange in the community.

Shops, schools, medical centres, parks andsporting facilities become established to supportthe young and growing population. Industriesare attracted to the cheaper land and rents of theouter suburbs. The suburb of Narre Warren insouth-east Melbourne is an example of a fast-growing region on the rural–urban fringe.

Population pyramid for Narre Warren, 2001

The Casey Aquatic and Recreation Centre (C4 on map opposite) was built to cater for the growing population of Narre Warren.

0 01 12 23 34 45 56 6Percentage of total population

Male Female

0–45–9

10–1415–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–6465–6970–74

over 74Age (years)

Australia, 2001 census

1. Where does most growth in large cities generally occur?

2. Observe the population pyramid of the fast-growing outer suburb of Narre Warren.(a) Is Narre Warren a young or old suburb?(b) Which group is larger — pre-school/primary

school age or secondary school/late-teen age?(c) In which age groups would you find most of the

mothers and fathers of the 0–9 age group? How does the population pyramid help show this?

3. List the facilities that might be required in Narre Warren to cater for its population.

4. Research changes to the population in the area surrounding your school. (For example is the population increasing or decreasing?) Give reasons for these changes.

Worksheets6.2 Visual display of change in your local area

Comparing old and new mapsComparing old and new maps can give a good impression of how a population has changed over time. Observe the two maps of Narre Warren.1. Describe the changes to the Narre Warren

bowls club (C3) and the Fountain Gate Primary School (B1).

2. What new facilities for young families were introduced between 1985 and 2002?

3. How has Fountain Gate shopping centre changed? What type of shop would you open to cater for the population?

4. On which side of Narre Warren North Road have most new homes been built?

5. What shape are most of the streets that have been built since 1985? Why is this style so popular in a young area?

6. Give a map reference for an area wherenew building might take place in the future. Justify your answer.

7. What additional transport facilities have been provided for residents in 2002?

TOOLBOX

6.2DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

IN OUTER SUBURBS

CHAPTER 6: CHANGING AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES

123

NARRE WARREN, 2002

NARRE WARREN, 1985 Source: Melway Publishing. Reproduced with permission

Source: Melway Publishing. Reproduced with permission

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In Australia people are employed in four mainindustry sectors — primary industry, secondaryindustry, tertiary industry and quaternary(or information) industry. These sectors aredescribed in the following diagram.

The four main industry sectors that employ people in Australia

The proportions of the workforce employed ineach of these sectors changed significantly fromthe middle of the twentieth century. During the1950s, service jobs in the tertiary and infor-mation industries began to expand. By 1954,there were more workers providing services thanworkers producing goods. Today, over 70 per centof all workers are employed in the tertiary andinformation industries. The shift of occupationsto the service industry continued in the 1990s asdid the steady decline in traditional occupations,such as manufacturing and agriculture.

Reasons for this trend include:• the increased proportion of women in the

workplace — more women are pursuing long-term careers or combining careers with dom-estic roles, thus increasing demands for childcare services and home help

• the ‘ageing’ of Australia’s population — peopleare living longer, leading to increased demandsfor nursing homes and services for elderly people

• a tendency to ‘eat out’ more often and socialiseat restaurants and hotels rather than in ourown homes

Primary industryProduce raw materials, such as wool, iron ore, meat, wheat, oil, timber, fish and uranium.

Secondary industryMake goods by hand or machinery from raw materials from primary industries — for example, milk is turned into cheese and butter.

Tertiary industry Do not produce goods but provide a skill or service, including banking, transport, building and retailing. Salespeople, doctors, electricians and bus drivers are examples of jobs in the services sector.

Quaternary industryAlso called the information industry as its workers produce information in various forms — for example, people working in media and telecommunications.

NEWSAT 7

NEWSAT 7

• competition for jobs at a global level in someindustries, such as clothing and footwear.Labour is cheaper in some countries and trans-national corporations can move production toplaces where they can maximise their profits.If jobs go offshore they are no longer availableto the local labour force, and communities candecline.

The table below lists several occupations andshows which ones have the best prospects forfuture employment. VG stands for very goodprospects, G for good prospects, A for averageprospects, BA for below average prospects and Lfor limited prospects.

Job prospects

Occupational groupProspects 2004–08

Computing professionals VGGeneral medical practitioners VGRegistered nurses VGSecondary school teachers VGChildcare workers VGPrimary school teachers GPainters, potters and sculptors GBuilders GMotor mechanics GBakers and pastrycooks GGardeners GShop managers APlumbers ASecretaries and personal assistants ATruck drivers ACleaners APrinters BAData-entry operators BAPlant operators BAHand packers BAClothing tradespersons LRegistry and filing clerks L

FUTURE JOB PROSPECTS

6.3CHANGING

WORK PATTERNS

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125

The decline in agriculture and manufacturinghas affected communities in rural areas andmanufacturing cities, such as Newcastle andWollongong. However, communities in cities thatare centres of the information and service indus-tries, such as Sydney and Perth, are enjoyingincreasing work opportunities.

The computer has enabled us to produce manygoods and services faster and cheaper. The com-puter technology boom of the twentieth centurycaused many jobs to change or disappear. Theproduction of cars, for example, has gone through

DECLINE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

Orange finally saved from closure

Workers from the central-west town of Orange can finally sleepsound, after management of Swedish giant Electrolux guaranteedthe long-term future of the area’s largest employer.

Electrolux’s managing director made the vow while visitingOrange last week to inspect the whitegoods manufacturing plantthe company purchased from Email last year.

The Electrolux plant at Orange

Workers from the plant had been seeking for the guarantee formore than 12 months, but had been unable to get a definitiveresponse from management.

When both Email and then the new owners shed up to 600 ofthe 1800 workforce, concerns grew that the plant was slated forclosure. And with the manufacturing plant responsible for nearly30 per cent of Orange’s economy, real fears were emerging for thelong-term survival of the town.

But a community-based campaign to keep the plant in Orange,run by local unions with the support of the NSW Labor Council,helped turned the tide. This included a rally through the streets ofOrange, which galvanised public support.

Source: Workers Online, 31 August 2001

CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AND THE WORKPLACE

enormous change. Once assembled by manypeople, large parts of cars can now be puttogether by robots.

The introduction of this technology has hadgood and bad effects on workers. Many new jobshave been created — website developers and tele-communications technicians provide examples ofoccupations that did not exist 50 years ago. Alsomany repetitive and dangerous jobs can now bedone by robots and computers. On the other side,jobs have been lost, especially in manufacturing,creating pockets of unemployment in somecommunities.

Work opportunities may have expanded in someareas but there are still many inequalities to beconsidered. For example, in 2001, more than 20 percent of Indigenous Australians were unemployed,compared with an unemployment rate of around7 per cent for non-Indigenous Australians. Womenstill face barriers to promotion at the highest man-agement levels in Australia and do not alwaysenjoy wage levels equal to those of men.

Women at work

1. List the main reasons for work changing in Australia.2. Describe some of the reasons for the growth of

service industries.3. Explain how the decline in manufacturing has

affected communities.4. How has the loss of jobs and unemployment

affected communities?5. Observe the table showing future job prospects.

(a) Select one occupation with very good future prospects and suggest why this might be the case.

(b) What is the future for unskilled workers?(c) What are the prospects for medical workers?

Why do you think this is the case?

United States Australia

Women employed as executive managers

15.7% 8.8%

Companies with women as executive managers

86.0% 50.9%

Women employed as board directors

12.4% 8.4%

WORKPLACE INEQUALITIES

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Eden is located on the south coast of New SouthWales, halfway between Sydney and Melbourne.Its 3000 or so residents work in fishing, forestry,agriculture, tourism and related industries.During the peak summer season it is estimatedthat the population increases threefold. Visitorsare drawn to Eden for the fishing, golf, safebeaches and mild climate.

Eden began life as a whaling town. It becameknown as the ‘fish and chips town’ because themain industries were based on fish and timber.

However, changes in the fishing and forestryindustries and globalisation have affected theemployment prospects and lifestyle expectationsof the Eden community.• In recent years the state government has made

large areas of forest surrounding the town intonational parks. This has conserved forestresources and protected biodiversity, buthas also resulted in a decline in the timberindustry, sawmill closures and job losses.

• By the early 1990s, stocks of tuna were falling.The Heinz fish-processing cannery closed in1999 and 145 workers lost their jobs. Heinz, atransnational corporation (TNC), decidedit could produce the same product morecheaply in other countries.Generations had worked at the cannery, the

town’s last big employer. It was feared unemploy-ment would rise further as associated industrieslost business.

Mr Mike Skitt, of the local chamber of commerce,said the closure of the cannery was a body blow tothe people of Eden. ‘The cannery employs one inevery five workers here. Businesses are marginal atbest, and if you take out 20 per cent of the workforceit’s obvious what’s going to happen. The timber’sgone, now the cannery. All we’ve got left is history.’

In 1995, the New South Wales Governmentestablished the Resource and ConservationAssessment Council (RACAC). It aims to createecologically sustainable forest industries andemployment. The RACAC conducted assessmentsof forests and established ‘forest agreements’ todetermine future management and conservation.The Eden Forest Agreement aims to provide sus-tainable employment and industry growth,which will improve the income and lifestyleexpectations of the community.

1. List the main industries that have provided employment for the Eden community.

2. Describe how the establishment of national parks has affected the community.

3. Why did the Eden cannery close? List the effects of the closure on the community.

4. Outline the New South Wales Government’s plan for balancing forest resources and employment in the Eden region. To find out more, go to www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive2 and click on the Eden weblink for this chapter.

Worksheets6.3 Futures wheel

Using a topographic mapTopographic maps provide valuable information for geographers on features of both the natural and human environment. Observe the topographic map of Eden.1. The fish cannery was located at GR580936.

Using evidence from the map, suggest at least two reasons why this was a good site for the cannery.

2. What type of forest is found over much of the land surrounding Eden?

3. Using grid references, identify two examples of the timber industry in the Eden area.

4. Give the area reference for one location on the map that you believe could be developed for tourism. Outline how far it is from Eden and in what direction. Give reasons to support your selection, including the types of recreation you think could take place at your selected location.

5. Draw a cross-section from A to B (see pages 226–7, for more information). Calculate and write down the vertical exaggeration.

6. Carefully mark on your cross-section the main physical and human features.

7. What is the local relief of the area shown on the cross-section?

8. What is the area reference for the area of steepest gradient?

TOOLBOX

6.4CHANGE IN THE

COMMUNITY OF EDEN

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127

59 60 615857565554

93

94

95

96

97

92

91

90

89

88

Kilometres0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Kilometres

CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METRES

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Topographic map of Eden

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In many communities, there is growing concernthat the towns and shopping centres are dis-appearing. People are not only forced to travelfurther to buy necessities, but are also left withvacant, vandalised shops covered with unsightlygraffiti. The New South Wales Government, inpartnership with communities, has developedinitiatives — such as the Townlife DevelopmentProgram and the Main Street Program — torevitalise towns and reverse population decline,by making the town or suburb more attractive tobusinesses and tourists. Through these pro-grams, the local government, businesses and thecommunity work together to improve the com-munity’s lifestyle expectations.

Local Broken Hill artist Geoff DeMain worked with volunteers to prepare 14 murals that cover 80 metres of wall in the centre of town. With the theme of ‘volunteers in community life’, the new murals will contribute to attracting tourists to the outback town.

Each community is unique and could be promotedas a tourist attraction with the cooperation of indi-viduals, businesses and governments.

Crookwell is a typical rural community that hasfollowed traditional farming practices for gener-ations. The area has suffered from the decline inthe rural sector and the loss of population thathas resulted in the closure of long-establishedfamily businesses. This meant that shoppers weretravelling to regional centres such as Goulburn.

PROMOTING UNIQUE COMMUNITIES

The government offered the Crookwell ShireCouncil the Townlife Development Program toretain and expand businesses and create jobs byproviding financial support and advice. The com-munity held two large meetings to undertake aSWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,threats) analysis of the main town, Crookwell,and the six surrounding villages. Groups wereformed to tackle the issues raised and thefollowing results were achieved:• the identification of an historic tourism trail• a new bus bay, visitor area, map shelter and seats• customer service training and window-

dressing workshops• the provision of village lawnmowers so local

people can mow the community’s lawns.

One of Crookwell’s market days

Nymagee is a small community of 35 people,located 100 kilometres from Cobar. It was threat-ened by population decline until the communityorganised outback music festivals. Music loversfrom as far as Japan and the Netherlands cometo listen to a hundred musicians performing overthree days. The festivals have had a huge impacton the community. The population doubled,

6.5IMPROVING LIFESTYLE

EXPECTATIONS

CHAPTER 6: CHANGING AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES

129

tourism increased 60 per cent and new cottageindustries (beekeeping, for example) developed.More importantly, there was a boost in thepeople’s morale as their lifestyle expectationsincreased with the changes in the community.

Woodford is a small town located about onehour’s drive north of Brisbane. Like many smalltowns, it faced a declining future until the recent

development of tourism. It is now home to theWoodford Folk Festival, held annually aroundthe New Year. From a small beginning in 1987, ithas grown to be Australia’s largest folk festivalwith more than 2000 performers and 400 events.Each year it attracts thousands of people fromAustralia and overseas and generates an annualturnover of more than $4 million.

Woodford Folk Festival

Using fieldwork techniques to collect dataFieldwork involves going out into the field to gather data to bring back into the classroom for further analysis. Successful fieldwork involves good planning, accurate data collection and careful statistical analysis.

A fieldwork study of a local community may be used as a research action plan to improve an aspect of community life. Fieldwork of this nature should involve:• locating a fieldwork site — for example, a

shopping area where the main street is declining• focus questions to investigate — for example: Is

there competition from newer shopping centres with more facilities?

• fieldwork data collection — for example, photographs, car counts, people counts, surveys

• analysis of raw data into tables and graphs

• presentation of findings in a written report with an action plan for improvement, and a map showing the location of the fieldwork site or area under review.

1. Explore, observe and describe potential sites in your local community that could be improved or used to host a community event.

2. Prepare a SWOT analysis of the site similar to that undertaken by the residents of Crookwell. Use your findings to create a series of focus questions for your fieldwork.

3. Collect and analyse information from your fieldwork.

4. Present your findings as a report, poster or PowerPoint show.

5. As a class, select one project that you believehas the greatest benefit to the local community. Undertake further class fieldwork andresearch, and present your findings to the local council.

TOOLBOX

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130

TECHNOLOGY, GLOBALISATION AND CHANGE IN AUSTRALIAN

COMMUNITIESAll communities undergo change, some moregradually than others. The changes that Aus-tralian communities experienced in the last halfof the twentieth century were more rapid than atany other time since European settlement. Newtechnological advances have touched communitiesin even the remotest parts of Australia. Businessis conducted on a more global level and social andeconomic changes have had significant effects onthe lifestyle expectations of Australians.

The table below compares features of Australiansociety in 1964 and 2004. It shows significantchange in several demographic characteristics.

Australian society comparison

* Deaths of children under one year per 1000 live births** Prices for 1964 are converted to dollar figures

1964 2004

Demographics

Population 11 250 700 20 000 000Average life expectancy

Women 74 years 82 yearsMen 68 years 77 years

Infant mortality* 19.06 5.0Marriages 86 013 115 000Divorces 7 917 52 000

Economy

Average weekly earnings $50.90 $300–$399Unemployment rate 1.1% 6.3%Gross national product $17.9 billion $600 billionBiggest import partners UK, USA, Japan,

GermanyUSA, Japan, EU, China, ASEAN

Biggest export partners UK, Japan, USA, China

Japan, ASEAN, EU

Biggest exports Wool, wheat, beef/veal

Coal, non-monetary gold, iron ore, meat, wool

Prices**

House $8000 $400 000Car $1690 $35 500Bread 10c/loaf $2.50/loafMilk 20c/litre $1.80/litreTrain trip (10 km) 35c $3.60

THEN AND NOW

Australia today is generallyregarded as an affluent nationwith a high standard of living.Over 40 per cent of families owntwo cars and Australians arequick to buy the latest appli-ances and adopt new technol-ogies. Food is in plentiful supplyand education and health ser-vices are widely available. Yetthis general picture does not rep-resent those people in many com-munities in Australia who aresocially or economically disad-vantaged and for whom the ‘newage’ technologies and lifestyleexpectations are unreachable.

Communication and transport between countriesimproved significantly during the twentieth cen-tury as a result of new technologies. Air travel nowbrings people together within hours, and satellitetelecommunications link businesses worldwide byphone, fax and the Internet. Governments andbusinesses worldwide have been encouraged to‘think globally’, and countries have forged strongeroverseas links. Australia and its communities havebecome less isolated; we are finding out what itmeans to be part of the ‘global village’.

GLOBALISATION

Since the first commercial satellite was launched into orbit in 1965, the technology has developed rapidly. Satellites carry information between communities at an astonishing speed — from remote farming properties to big business corporations on every continent. They are also used increasingly to monitor changes in the Earth’s environments.

6.6

Years taken for new technologies to reach 25 per cent of the global population

Aeroplane 54Household electricity 46Automobile 44Telephone 35VCR 35Microwave oven 30Television 26Radio 22PC 15Mobile phone 13Internet 7

CHAPTER 6: CHANGING AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITIES

131

Global tradeThe last 50 years has also seen rapidgrowth in world trade. Much of thisgrowth has been associated with the low-ering of barriers to trade, such as tariffs,and the expansion of transnationalcorporations (TNCs).

Globalisation has opened up manyopportunities for business and trade. Itcan, however, mean that downturns in theeconomy of a country or political problemsin a region can affect Australia’s tradinglinks and relationships, and hence oureconomy. This occurred during the Asianeconomic crisis in the 1990s.

Global media networksThe media can influence Australian commu-nities in many ways — for example, what wewear, the food we choose to eat and how we seethe world and our place in it. The developmentof global media networks has had an enormousinfluence on the range of information thatpeople receive. An example of a global medianetwork is The News Corporation Limited, or‘News Corp’. This global media ‘giant’ has itsheadquarters in the United States but ownsmedia companies worldwide, spread across arange of media divisions.

Global media networks bring the world into Aus-tralian homes. They have broadened our under-standing of world events and issues by exposing usto different cultures, ideas, values and beliefs, rep-resenting a variety of perspectives. Global newsservices inform Australians and bring up-to-the-minute reports of overseas events. We watch andlisten as scientists and researchers share new dis-coveries and technologies, such as cloning, andfinancial experts forecast changes and trends inglobal economic activities, such as a fall in theprices of commodities. People have expressed concern about the poss-ible impact of globalisation on Australia’s cul-tural identity, which some feel could be eroded byour increased exposure to foreign influences.

Intercultural exchangesAustralian communities are made up of peoplefrom many different cultures. An understandingand appreciation of different cultures and tol-erance for other people’s religions, beliefs andpractices is therefore important for maintaininga cohesive Australian society. Australia plays anincreasingly important role in global affairs andis a member of the United Nations.

The Canterbury–Western Suburbs under-14 cricket team, seen here on their return from a New Zealand tour in 1999, includes players whose forebears came from Russia, India, Greece, Ireland, Germany, Iran, France, Switzerland, Italy and China. One of the boys says ‘We don’t think of multiculturalism. We’re Australian friends who like playing cricket together.’

The development of the Internet has increasedour contacts with other cultures. Children intowns, cities or in remote station communitiescan link up with and ‘chat’ via computer to chil-dren in any number of countries throughout theworld. As Australian children grow up, join theworkforce and travel, their understanding ofother countries and cultures will be muchgreater than that of previous generations.

1. How has technology directly affected globalisation?2. Name one positive and one negative aspect of the

growth of global media networks on communities.3. How long did it take the Internet to reach 25 per

cent of the global population? Compare this to the aeroplane and household electricity. Why do you think there is a difference?

4. Do all Australian communities benefit from improvements in technology and increased lifestyle expectations?

5. Observe the table comparing features of Australian society in 1964 and 2004. List features in 2004:(a) you think are improvements(b) you think are not improvements.

6. Observe the photograph of the Canterbury–Western Suburbs under-14 cricket team and read the photograph caption. What evidence is there in the photograph and the caption to support the view that Australia is a multicultural society? Write a paragraph summarising the benefits for Australians of intercultural exchanges, both at home and overseas.

Worksheets6.4 Modern technology survey

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Cabramatta, located in the western suburbs ofSydney, is Australia’s most multicultural suburb.Today it is famous for capturing the character andcolour of Asia. About two-thirds of the people in thecommunity were born overseas, and the commu-nity includes people from more than a dozen Asiancountries. Cultural integration is seen with Viet-namese restaurants, the Tien Hau and Kwan ZinBuddhist temples, European coffee shops, andpeople working as acupuncturists and sellingalternative medicines. In this globalised commu-nity, clothes, furniture and newspapers areimported from Asian countries so that new Aus-tralians can enjoy the comforts of both their pastand present lifestyles. The local council encouragesthese intercultural exchanges, by promoting ‘Asiantaste adventures’, for example.

Demographics of Cabramatta and Sydney

Category Cabramatta Sydney

Population 48 315 3 997 337

Australian born 35% 61%

Born overseas — top five• Vietnam 29% 2%• China 5% 2%• Yugoslavia 2% 0%• Italy 2% 1%• United Kingdom 1% 5%

Age statistics — top five

• 20–39 31% 33%• 40–59 24% 28%• 5–19 21% 14%• 60+ 16% 17%• 0–4 8% 7%

Married 51% 51%

Religion — top five• Buddhism 44% 4%• Catholic 24% 34%• No religion 9% 13%• Orthodox 8% 5%

• Anglican 6% 23%

CULTURAL INTEGRATIONIN CABRAMATTA

6.7

Fairfield councillor, Thang No

A documentary entitled ‘Australia’s Asian Way’was broadcast on ABC radio in 2003. Thefollowing transcript contains parts of an inter-view with Fairfield councillor, Thang No, whotakes the interviewer, Tony Barrell, around sub-urban Cabramatta.

Tony Barrell: The place to get the freshest Asian produce in Sydneyhas to be Cabramatta — Sydney’s Vietnam. It’s also the place whereyou’ll find Australia’s only Vietnamese-speaking politician.Thang Ngo: My name’s Thang Ngo. I’m theonly Vietnamese-speaking councillor in Fair-field Council, which includes Cabramatta.Cabramatta, as you may or may not know, isin Sydney’s south-west, the home to 40 percent of the Vietnamese-born population in thestate of New South Wales in Australia . . .Tony Barrell: Do you remember what it waslike being a child in Vietnam? Do youremember being Vietnamese, in fact?Thang Ngo: The first thing I remember is thatI was no different from anyone else, and thatwas probably the biggest memory I had aboutVietnam, because as you know, I have beenone of the first Vietnamese to arrive in Aus-tralia. I was always struck by my sense of dif-ferentness from everyone else and I was theonly black-haired child in the school . . .Tony Barrell: The old problem that peoplealways complain about — migrants living inghettos and not assimilating and not becoming Australian — howdoes that play out for your generation?Thang Ngo: That’s certainly true of what I discovered in the firstand maybe the second generation. Being the local councillor, I getrung up all the time by parents, asking, ‘What do I do? My son wantsto move out. He doesn’t want to live in Cabramatta any more. Hewants to go and live on the North Shore; he wants to live in theEastern Suburbs. And I don’t want him to do that. I want him to livewith me.’ So I suppose that’s where the culture gap starts to comein, the generational gap. But also the linguistic gap as well. The kidswho grow up here speak English predominantly and they’re verypoor in their Vietnamese. And the parents, of course, are very pro-ficient in Vietnamese but very poor in English. So you have a gener-ational barrier and a cultural barrier between them.Tony Barrell: I suppose one of the reasons is the breakup of the oldextended family.Thang Ngo: It’s very different. In Vietnam you can actually have abusiness right outside your house — whether it be a grocery shop,whether it be a restaurant — so actually you’re always at home, andpeople can always visit you and the kids can always come home. Butover here it’s different. If you go to work then you have to go to afactory or you have to go in an office. If you have a business, thatbusiness is very likely to be away from where you live, so there is nosense of that sort of community, you know, homeliness where you’reat home all the time. But I predict that later on some of those thirdgeneration will actually move back to Cabramatta and move back totheir roots, because they realise that their culture is part of themanyway and also their culture is what makes them special and dif-ferent. And then they’ll gravitate towards it.

VIETNAMESE CULTURE IN CABRAMATTA

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1. Describe the area of Sydney where most people born in South-East Asia live.

2. Compare the populations of Cabramatta and Sydney and describe the differences. What factors have brought about change in the Cabramatta community?

3. What are the impacts of cultural change in Cabramatta?

4. In what ways have the Vietnamese found it difficult to integrate into Australian communities?

5. Which groups within the Vietnamese community find it easier to integrate? Explain.

6. Present a poster advertising Cabramatta as a tourist destination.

7. Go www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive2 and click on the Cabramatta Perspectives weblink for this chapter. Read the stories and describe the different perspectives from Cabramatta youths about:(a) their own community(b) what others think of their community.

8. Go www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive2 and click on the ABS snapshot weblinks for this chapter. Compare the community profiles of Fairfield and Woollahra. Explain the differences.

9. Go www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive2 and click on the Cabramatta Project weblink for this chapter. Describe the Cabramatta Project. How has the community responded to change?

Distribution of people born in South-East Asia, as a percentage of the total population, Sydney, 2001Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Cabramatta is an excellent place to learn about the exotic fruits, vegetables, meat and the special ingredients used in authentic Asian cooking.

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THE MIRARR COMMUNITYAND JABILUKA

The Jabiluka mineral lease is located withinKakadu National Park. It is surrounded by thewetlands, escarpments and sacred sites of one ofthe world’s most famous and most popularWorld Heritage sites. The Jabiluka site is about20 kilometres north of the Ranger uranium mine.The ore body was discovered in 1971 by Panconti-nental Mining Limited. Energy Resources of Aus-tralia (ERA) purchased the mineral lease in 1991.

The traditional Aboriginal owners ofthis land are the Mirarr (or Mirrar)people. The land is communally ownedand the community shares the samehistory, place of birth, kinship systemand cultural traditions. Traditionallythe Mirarr lived as hunters and gath-erers. The land provided food such aswallabies and fruit, the rivers suppliedfish and turtles, and the swamps pro-vided abundant lily bulbs and water-fowl. The people had a good standard ofliving and leisure time to devote tosocial, cultural and spiritual pursuits.

European settlement in the NorthernTerritory impacted on Indigenous com-munities in many of the same ways aselsewhere in Australia. The people were

affected by introduced diseases and the impositionof new rules and ideas by governments andmissionaries. Some people left their traditionallands to work in the cattle industry, some becamefringe dwellers living in poor conditions on theedges of white settlements, and some part-Indigenous children were taken from their par-ents and placed in institutions. However, theisolation of the Kakadu region and its unsuita-bility for farming meant that the people here weremore able to maintain their traditional lifestylesand traditions than was the case in densely set-tled areas such as coastal New South Wales.

The Mirarr’s claim to their traditional landswas granted in 1982. As owners of the land, theMirarr have the right to lease the land to govern-ments, individuals and corporations. During the

CHANGE AND THE MIRARR COMMUNITY

early 1980s, the Ranger uranium mine was estab-lished and the township of Jabiru was built. Sometraditional owners say mining brought morealcohol into the area, and mining royalties havemade it more accessible. They say this has con-tributed to conflict, declining health and a break-down of cultural values.

The Mirarr and the Northern Land Councilsigned an agreement with Pancontinental Miningin 1982 to permit mining at Jabiluka. The senior

traditional owner of the Mirarr land,Yvonne Margarula, claims her fatherwas coerced into signing this agreement.

The Magela flood plain, Kakadu. The western boundary of the Jabiluka lease adjoins the Magela flood plain.

The vast majority of World Heritage sites arelisted for natural values. Kakadu was listed forboth natural and cultural values. Much of thepark is relatively unaffected by human activity,and its native ecosystems remain largely intact.The park contains a rich variety of Indigenousdomestic and ceremonial sites and over 7000 rockart sites. A key factor in receiving World Heritagestatus under the cultural criteria was the ongoingpresence in the Kakadu area of Indigenous peoplefor more than 40 000 years.

CULTURAL VALUES THREATENED

6.8

NorthernTerritory

Darwin

Jabiluka

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Aerial photograph of the Jabiluka mine site in 2000

The Mirarr argued that uranium mining atJabiluka threatened this living cultural tradition,and therefore the cultural values of Kakadu. InJune 1998 the Mirarr people presented their argu-ments to the UNESCO World Heritage Com-mittee. A UNESCO mission came to Australia andmet with government, industry, conservation andIndigenous groups. Extracts from its report are fea-tured below.

The World Heritage Committee voted20–1 for work on Jabiluka to be haltedimmediately. The growing level of inter-national awareness and concern was dem-onstrated in April 1999 when Mirarrleaders Yvonne Margarula and JacquiKatona won the Goldman EnvironmentalPrize. The award recognises grassrootsenvironmental campaigners worldwide.

Yvonne Margarula (right) and Jacqui Katona (centre) meet Hillary Clinton (wife of the US President Bill Clinton) at the White House after they were awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in April 1999.

JABILUKA WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE REPORT NOVEMBER 1998Recommendation 2The mission noted the serious concerns and preoccupations expressed by some ofAustralia’s most eminent scientists as to the unacceptably high degree of scientificuncertainties relating to the Jabiluka mine design, tailings disposal and possibleimpacts on catchment ecosystems.

Recommendation 4The mission recommends that every effort is made to ensure thorough partici-pation, negotiation and communication with traditional owners, custodians andmanagers to ensure the compilation of an accurate cultural inventory that willensure the conservation of cultural sites located within the Jabiluka Mineral Lease.

Recommendation 7The mission is of the view that it is incumbent on the Australian Government torecognise the special relationship of the Mirarr to their land and their rights toparticipate in decisions affecting them. Therefore the mission is of the opinion thatthe Australian Government, along with the other signatories, should reconsider thestatus of the 1982 agreement and the 1991 transfer of ownership to ensure main-tenance of the fundamental rights of the traditional owners.

Protest banner on the Kakadu escarpment

Enormous quantities of rock have to bemined to retrieve a small amount of uraniumoxide. Tailings (the solid wastes left overafter mining) retain radioactivity and areeasily dispersed in the environment by windand rain. They can remain dangerous forthousands of years.

Mining and milling uranium also producescontaminated water. Waste water is confinedin retention ponds to protect the environ-ment. It is then evaporated or put throughwetland filters or treatment plants. In theKakadu area, the summer monsoon rainscan stretch retention ponds to the limit.Leaks and spills have the potential to polluteareas downstream.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

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Different people have different perspectives aboutJabiluka. Apart from the Mirarr people, otherstakeholders include the environmental move-ment, the World Heritage authorities, theNorthern Land Council, the mining company,financiers and investors, the tourism industry andthe government. Each group has freedom of speechto express its views in the democratic process insuch ways as lobbying, voting, demonstrating andwriting letters. Public interest, opinion polls,media coverage and international attitudes can allinfluence the policies of political parties.

The Mirarr were able to gain widespread inter-national attention and support with little morethan a fax machine, email and community-basedsupport. In 1998, the Mirarr invited people tojoin a non-violent blockade at the entrance toJabiluka, which attracted more than 5000 sup-porters as well as media attention. Rallies wereheld in Germany, Japan and the United Kingdomas well as all over Australia. Support also camefrom environmental groups including Friends ofthe Earth and the Wilderness Society who werealso opposed to uranium mining at Jabiluka.

Rock band Midnight Oil in concert at Jabiluka. The Mirarr were able to gain widespread support and media attention for their campaign to stop mining at Jabiluka.

In 1999, Aboriginal groups refused to allowuranium ore to be trucked from Jabiluka toRanger for processing. In 2003, the JabilukaLong-Term Care and Maintenance Agreementwas worked out between ERA, the NorthernLand Council and the Mirarr.

RESPONSES OF INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND GOVERNMENTS

Finished business: Jabiluka goes to ground

Yvonne Margarula stood at the now filled-in entrance of agiant tunnel that miners had gouged 1.2 kilometres belowKakadu National Park in 1998, prompting one of the biggestfights by environmentalists in Australia.

‘It’s finished business. Nobody will ever again disturb thiscountry,’ she said.

Ms Margarula, Kakadu’s senior traditional owner, madethe declaration during a visit on Thursday to the site of theproposed Jabiluka uranium mine, as the Federal Governmentconsiders approving an agreement giving her Mirarr peoplethe right for the first time to veto mining in the WorldHeritage-listed park.

‘We stopped the mining here,’ she said, referring to aneight-month blockade of the mine by 5000 people in 1998during which 530 people, including her, were arrested.

‘Now they have put the ore back in the ground . . . It willnever again come out. The country is at peace and I am veryhappy.’

The agreement was reached last month after 18 months ofnegotiations between the Mirarr, the Indigenous people’sNorthern Land Council and the Jabiluka lease-holder EnergyResources of Australia.

The deal stipulates that ERA puts back into the groundmore than 100 000 tonnes of ore and waste rock it had stock-piled at Jabiluka and waives royalties that were to be paid byERA for its Jabiluka lease.

The office of the Minister for Indigenous Affairs, AmandaVanstone, has told Mirarr representatives the government willapprove the agreement.

A spokesman for the Australian Conserva-tion Foundation, Dave Sweeney, saidyesterday the agreement and the Mirarrdeclaration this week should make it clear toERA, owned by mining giant Rio Tinto, thatit will never be able to operate the Jabilukamine . . .

After seeing for the first time how ERA hadfilled in the Jabiluka tunnel, Ms Margarulaasked company representatives if they wouldreturn the area to ‘bush the way it was’.

They told her a rehabilitation programwould begin at the end of the dry season, latein the year.

Under the landmark Jabiluka Long-TermCare and Maintenance Agreement, ERA canask the Mirarr people every four years torethink their opposition to mining at Jabiluka.

The Mirarr are expected to come undernew pressure to approve mining at Jabilukawhen royalties from Ranger dry up as themine winds down in six to eight years’ time.

But Ms Margarula insisted her people would follow their tra-ditional laws and not allow their land to be disturbed by others.

She said her father, Toby Gangale, was under duress whenhe approved the operation of the Ranger mine in the late1970s and was strongly opposed to it when he died a brokenman in 1988.

‘My father was disappointed the mine went ahead and dis-turbed our sacred sites,’ she said. ‘I have the power to rep-resent our people now and it will not happen again.’

Source: The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 May 2004

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Aerial photograph of the Ranger mine in 2000. ERA’s preferred plans for the development of Jabiluka included trucking uranium ore from Jabiluka to the company’s existing processing facilities at Ranger.

The location of Jabiluka and Ranger mineral leases

• Australia produces about 17 per cent of theworld’s uranium and has about 30 per centof the world’s low-cost uranium reserves.

• Tourism has grown rapidly in Kakadu. In1982 there were 45 000 visitors but todaymore than 200 000 tourists visit the parkeach year.

1. Where is the Jabiluka mineral lease located?2. What mineral is found there, and why is it valuable?3. Who are the traditional owners of the land?4. Identify factors that contribute to the community’s

sense of identity.5. Why was Kakadu listed as a World Heritage site?6. Did the traditional owners support the new mine at

Jabiluka?7. Predict three possible ecological impacts of a new

mine at Jabiluka.8. The new mine gained international attention when

the World Heritage Committee threatened to withdraw Kakadu’s World Heritage status. What action did the committee take?

9. Describe the support the Mirarr people gained to help stop the Jabiluka mine.

10. Observe the photograph of the concert.(a) Why do you think this site was chosen for the

concert?(b) Who do you think attended the concert?(c) Why do protest groups use well-known people

to support their cause?(d) The logo behind the band uses the symbol for

radioactivity and a hand print. Explain why this logo may have been chosen.

11. Observe the map and the photograph of Ranger. (a) What does the green shading on the map

represent?(b) Describe the location of the Jabiluka and

Ranger mineral leases.(c) How far is the Jabiluka site from the Ranger

mine?(d) ERA planned to construct a road from Jabiluka

to Ranger. Why did the Jabiluka and Ranger sites need to be linked?

(e) What is the large rectangular feature shown at the right of the aerial photograph? What is it used for?

12. Working with a partner or team, make a list of the different groups who have an interest in Jabiluka. Draw a mind map showing the different perspectives of people about the issue of uranium mining at the site.

13. Prepare a short report outlining some of the changes experienced by the Mirarr community since European settlement.

14. ‘Jabiluka is about the rights of an Australian community to decide what happens to the land they hold title to.’ Discuss.

15. Investigate the Jabiluka mine issue further. Go to www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive2 and click on the ERA and Mirarr weblinks for this chapter.

Worksheets6.5 The music of protest

Pine Creek

Jabiru EastJabiru

OenpelliUbirr

Park Headquarters

PARKNATIONALKAKADU

GagudjaCooinda Hotel

Mary RiverRoadhouse

Alligator

River

Kather

ine

River

Mary

River

Jim

JimC

reek

FinkeBay

Van Diemen Gulf

Mar

yR

iver

East

Alligator

River

SouthA

lligatorR

iver

West

Alli

gato

r

Wildman

Rive

r

R

South

Kakadu

Hwy

Kak

adu

Arnhem

Hw

yHwyH

ighway

Stuart

Barron Island

Field Island

Muirella Park

Gunlom(Waterfall Creek)

0 20

Arnhem LandPlateau

Arnhem LandPlateau

40 km

N

133˚E

13˚S

132˚E 133˚E

13˚S

132˚E

Jabiluka mineral lease

Ranger mineral lease

National park or reserve

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Broadsheet: Changing communities— the Clare Valley

The Clare Valley is 135 kilometres north of Adelaide. The population is declining. The greatest impact of this decline has been felt in Mintaro, which has decreased in size and services and is now a small centre for tourism.

Use the table and the topographic map to answer the following questions.1. By how many has the population of the Clare Valley

declined? a. 9934 c. 3711b. 6223 d. 1934

2. What is the dominant economic activity in the Clare Valley?a. Mining c. Manufacturingb. Agriculture d. High-tech industries

3. How did the percentage of the population involved in agriculture change between 1987 and 1996?a. Declined by 25 per centb. Declined by 12 per centc. Increased by 37 per centd. Increased by 12 per cent

4. What is the main agricultural activity?a. Vineyards c. Wheatb. Pine plantations d. Sugarcane

5. What business can be found at GR811509?a. Stanley Winery b. Quarryb. Robertson’s Winery d. Wendouree Winery

6. Where is the town of Mintaro located?a. AR8944 c. AR8843b. AR8842 d. AR9044

7. What is produced at Mintaro?a. Wine c. Slateb. Clothing d. Tin

8. Outline two reasons to explain the linear pattern of agriculture and settlement on the map.

9. Give two examples from the map that support the fact that tourism is the major growth industry in the region.

Change in the Clare Valley

1987 1996

Population 9934 6223

Percentage of people employed in agriculture

37% 25%

Percentage of people employed in wholesale and retail

14% 19%

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Topographic map of the Clare Valley Commonwealth of Australia, Geoscience Australia. All rights reserved.