Chapter 6 Lecture PowerPoint - WordPress.com · 2019. 1. 14. · 37 5.4: Types of Membranes 1....

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 6

Lecture

PowerPoint

Integumentary System

Bell Work about Skin!

By the numbers

• As a class, determine a 20 square feet area – mark

it off somehow.

• Then….on your whiteboard draw 1 square inch.

– Give a guess - Aside from skin cells, how many

different structures are found in 1 square inch of skin?

• On your whiteboard, calculate 16% of 150 lbs.

• How much of the body’s heat escapes through the

head? (Give a guess)2

3

6.1: Introduction

• Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together

and performing specialized functions constitutes

an organ.

• The skin and its various structures make up the

integumentary system.

4

6.2: Skin and Its Tissues

• Composed of several tissue types

• Maintains homeostasis

• Protective covering

• Retards water loss

• Regulates body temperature

• Houses sensory receptors

• Contains immune system cells

• Synthesizes chemicals (such as vit D)

• Excretes small amounts of wastes

Skin, Hair and Nails video

5

6

Layers of Skin (2)

• Epidermis• Dermis

• Subcutaneous layer

• aka hypodermis

• beneath dermis

• some also call it

the superficial

fascia

• not part of the

skin

Stratified

squamous

epithelium

Dense irregular

connective

tissue

Adipose tissue


© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

7

(a)

Hair shaft

Epidermis

Hair follicle

(b)

Sebaceous gland

Dermis

Sweat

Epidermis

Dermis

Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore

Capillary

Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Dermal papilla

Arrector pili muscle

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Basement membrane

Sebaceous gland

Hair follicle

Sweat gland

Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

Muscle layer

Sweat gland duct

Subcutaneous

layer

TTactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle

Epidermis

• Lacks blood vessels

• Keratinized

• Thickest on palms and

soles (0.8-1.4mm)

• Melanocytes provide

melanin• Rests on basement membrane

• Stratified squamous epithelia


b: © Victor Eroschenko

8

Epidermis

There are five (5) layers of the epidermis:

• stratum corneum

• stratum lucidum

• stratum granulosum

• stratum spinosum

• stratum basale

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Basement

membrane

Dermis

Dermal papilla

(a) (b)


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

INDIVIDUAL Bell Work

• In your notes or on a piece of scrap paper

jot down one thing you remember about

skin from yesterday.

• Jot down one question you still have about

skin.

9

Bell work

• On one side of the notecard I give you,

write down:

– Your definition of RACE (i.e. Black,

Caucasian, Hispanic)

– Why do you think there are different races?

What is the explanation of the different races?

– How different are the various races?

10

Melanocytes

• Pg 115

11

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=StyOzy4JwHYrbM&tbnid=iYRY4IeECCVfxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answersingenesis.org%2Farticles%2Fam%2Fv5%2Fn4%2Fmelanin&ei=X1WCUue5MOroigL36ICgBw&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEu_jQ0flRt1BfH9rzXHIrNgH5JDQ&ust=1384359620716747http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=k21qkMXGCho3IM&tbnid=KtfLv9GItm-HjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freethought-forum.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D11578%26garpg%3D2&ei=mFiCUvyGLcHNiwLqpoDQBA&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNETQ2ySy2lPieFvkGR2Ujlbkgt3Qw&ust=1384360455336222

12

Epidermis

• Genetic Factors• Varying amounts of melanin

• Varying size of melanin

granules

• Albinos lack melanin

• Environmental Factors• Sunlight

• UV light from sunlamps

• X-rays

• Darkens melanin

• Physiological Factors• Dilation of dermal blood vessels

• Constriction of dermal blood

vessels

• Accumulation of carotene

• Jaundice

• Cyanosis

• Heredity and environment determine skin color

Singerl Twins

• Living in Burpengary, north of Brisbane, 5-monthold Alicia (black) and

Jasmin (white) Singerl were born to mother Natasha Knight (mixed-race

Jamaican- English), 35, and their father Michael Singerl (white German), 34

13

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PXv9bVOnuTwrjM&tbnid=LS3ELNBtEYgp5M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmisterseed.com%2FLATESTnews%2F2006%2520FOLDER%2FOCTOBER%25202006%2FLATEST%2520october%25202006.htm&ei=51WCUsKCOYqFiALx8YCIBQ&psig=AFQjCNEp2qpXEcQ-Ef6hFlnwHbuOZ0nVng&ust=1384359783988643http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Hd4aI8YrN8r3HM&tbnid=r7_ZiZ323gg0yM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answersingenesis.org%2Farticles%2Fam%2Fv3%2Fn2%2Ftwins-black-and-white&ei=J1aCUofuDOWciQLl2gE&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEtQaYwYN0JDwGj-Wnu95WTtpiJfw&ust=1384359823901287http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Hd4aI8YrN8r3HM&tbnid=r7_ZiZ323gg0yM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answersingenesis.org%2Farticles%2Fam%2Fv3%2Fn2%2Ftwins-black-and-white&ei=J1aCUofuDOWciQLl2gE&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEtQaYwYN0JDwGj-Wnu95WTtpiJfw&ust=1384359823901287http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Hd4aI8YrN8r3HM&tbnid=r7_ZiZ323gg0yM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answersingenesis.org%2Farticles%2Fam%2Fv3%2Fn2%2Ftwins-black-and-white&ei=J1aCUofuDOWciQLl2gE&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEtQaYwYN0JDwGj-Wnu95WTtpiJfw&ust=1384359823901287http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Hd4aI8YrN8r3HM&tbnid=r7_ZiZ323gg0yM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answersingenesis.org%2Farticles%2Fam%2Fv3%2Fn2%2Ftwins-black-and-white&ei=J1aCUofuDOWciQLl2gE&bvm=bv.56343320,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEtQaYwYN0JDwGj-Wnu95WTtpiJfw&ust=1384359823901287

Skin Color

• http://www.answersingenesis.org/media/aud

io/answers-daily/volume-077/skin-colors-

how-many-there

• http://www.answersingenesis.org/get-

answers/features/adam-eve-skin-tones-one-

race

14

15

Dermis

• Contains dermal papillae

• Binds epidermis to underlying tissues

• Irregular dense connective tissue

• On average 1.0-2.0mm thick

• Muscle cells – arrector pili

• Nerve cell processes• Specialized sensory receptors

• Blood vessels

• Hair follicles

• Glands

(a)

Sweat

Epidermis

Dermis

Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore

Capillary

Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Dermal papilla



Basement membrane

Sebaceous gland

Hair follicle

Sweat gland

Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

Muscle layer

Sweat gland duct

SubcutaneousSubcutaneous

layer

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle


16

Dermis

• Papillary layer• thin

• superficial

• dermal papillae here

• loose areolar CT

• Reticular layer• 80% of dermis

• dense irregular CT

• There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:

(a)

Sweat

Epidermis

Dermis

Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore

Capillary

Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Dermal papilla



Basement membrane

Sebaceous gland

Hair follicle

Sweat gland

Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

Muscle layer

Sweat gland duct

SubcutaneousSubcutaneous

layer



Bell Work

• In groups of 2 on a whiteboard (OR by

yourself)

– Answer Critical Thinking Questions 1 & 2

• When finished, start looking over the

objectives.

– Test Thursday (tentative)

17

18

Subcutaneous Layer

• Aka hypodermis

• Loose connective

tissue and …

• Adipose tissue

are present

• Insulates

• Major blood

vessels present(a)

Sweat

Epidermis

Dermis

Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore

Capillary

Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Dermal papilla



Basement membrane

Sebaceous gland

Hair follicle

Sweat gland

Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

Blood vessels

Muscle layer

Sweat gland duct

Subcutaneous

layer



• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAAt_M

fIJ-Y

19

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAAt_MfIJ-Y

20

6.3: Accessory Structures

of the Skin

• Accessory structures of the skin originate from the

epidermis and include:

• Hair follicles

• Nails

• Skin glands

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqZ16iN

Paac

• Realplayer – Human Hair 3:11

21

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqZ16iNPaac

22

Hair Follicles

• Epidermal cells

• Tube-like depression

• Extends into dermis

• Three (3) parts:

• Hair root

• Hair shaft

• Hair papilla

• Melanin

• Arrector pili muscle

(a)

Hair shaft

Pore

Hair root

(keratinized

cells)

Arrector pili

muscle

Sebaceous

gland

Hair follicle

Region of

cell division

Hair papilla

Eccrine

sweat gland

DermalDermal

blood

vessels


Bell Work

• In groups on a whiteboard (OR by yourself)

– Answer Critical Thinking Question # 5

• When finished, start looking over the

objectives.

– Test Wednesday (tentative)

23

24

Nails

• Protective coverings

• Three (3) parts:

• Nail plate

• Nail bed

• Lunula

Nail bed Nail plateLunula


25

Sebaceous Glands

• Usually associated with hair follicles

• Holocrine glands

• Secrete sebum (oil)

• Absent on palms and soles

Hair

Sebaceous

gland

Hair follicle


© Per H. Kjeldsen

26

Sweat Glands

• Aka sudoriferous glands

• Widespread in skin

• Originates in deeper dermis

or hypodermis

• Eccrine glands

• Apocrine glands

• Ceruminous glands

• Mammary glands

Dermal

papilla

Sebaceous

gland

Duct

Hair shaft

Hair

follicle

Eccrine

sweat

gland

Apocrine

sweat

gland

Pore


Bell Work

• In groups on a whiteboard (OR by yourself)

– Answer Critical Thinking Questions 6 & 8

27

28

6.4: Regulation of

Body Temperature

• Regulation of body temperature is vitally important

because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic

reactions.

29

Regulation of Body

Temperature

If body temperature

continues to drop,

control center signals

muscles to contract

involuntarily.

too high

too low

Normal body

temperature

37°C (98.6°F)

Control center

Hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs.

Control center

Hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs.

Stimulus

Body temperature rises

above normal.

Effectors

Dermal blood vessels

dilate and sweat glands

secrete.

Response

Body heat is

lost to surroundings,

temperature drops toward

normal.

Effectors

Dermal blood

vessels constrict

and sweat glands

remain inactive.

Effectors

Dermal blood

vessels constrict

and sweat glands

remain inactive.

Response

Body heat is conserved,

temperature rises toward normal.

Stimulus

Body temperature

drops below normal.

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.


30

Heat Production and Loss

• Heat is a product of cellular metabolism

• The most active body cells are the heat producers

and include:

• Skeletal muscle

• Cardiac muscle

• Cells of certain glands such as the liver

• The primary means of heat loss is radiation

• Also there is conduction, convection and

evaporation

31

Problems in Temperature

Regulation

• Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature

• Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

32

6.5: Healing of Wounds and

Burns

• Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress.

• Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become

more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the

damaged tissues.

• Inflammed skin may become:

• Reddened

• Swollen

• Warm

• Painful

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXfM13u3mp8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXfM13u3mp8

33

Healing of Cuts

(a) (b)

(f) (g)

(c) (d) (e)

Scar

tissue

Fibroblasts

Scar

tissue

Blood cells

Site of injury

Scab

Blood

clot

Scab


34

Types of Burns

• First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness

• Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness

• Third degree burn – full-thickness

35

Rule of Nines for AdultsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anterior

trunk

18%

Posterior

trunk

18%

Anterior upper

extremities 9%

Posterior upper

extremities 9%

Posterior lower

extremities 18%

Perineum 1%

Anterior and

posterior upper

extremities

18%

Anterior and

posterior lower

extremities

36%

100%

Anterior and

posterior trunk

36%

Anterior and posterior head and neck

9%Anterior head

and neck 41/2%

Posterior head

and neck 41/2%

Anterior lower

extremities 18%

9% 9% 9% 9%

41/2%

41/2% 41/2% 4

1/2% 41/2%

41/2%

Bell Work

• Turn to page 112 and look at the Chapter

objectives.

– Which objectives do you feel the strongest

about?

– Which objectives do you need to spend more

time understanding?

– Which objective has Mrs. O’Rourke not

covered yet in class?

– What have you done so far to prepare for the

test?

– What do you need to do? 36

37

5.4: Types of Membranes

1. Serous Membranes• Line body cavities

that do not open to

the outside

• Reduce friction

• Inner lining of thorax

and abdomen

• Cover organs of

thorax and abdomen

• Secrete serous fluid

•Thin layer of simple

squamous epithelium

and thin layer of loose

connective tissue

2. Mucous Membranes• Line tubes and

organs that open to

outside world

• Lining of mouth,

nose, throat, etc.

• Secrete mucus

3. Synovial Membranes• Composed entirely of

connective tissue

• Lines joints

Cutaneous Membranes• Covers body

• Skin

4.

• There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes:

38

6.6: Lifespan Changes

• Skin becomes scaly

• Age spots appear

• Epidermis thins

• Dermis becomes

reduced

• Loss of fat

• Wrinkling

• Sagging

• Sebaceous glands

secrete less oil

• Melanin production slows

• Hair thins

• Number of hair follicles

decreases

• Nail growth becomes

impaired

• Sensory receptors decline

• Body temperature unable

to be controlled

• Diminished ability to

activate Vitamin D

Skin Disorder Wiki Paragraph

39

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