Chapter 6: Elasticity: The Responsiveness of...
Transcript of Chapter 6: Elasticity: The Responsiveness of...
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L04 Chapter 6: Elasticity: The Responsiveness of
Demand and Supply
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Elasticity
Demand shows us the relationship
between price and quantity demanded, all
else constant
Does quantity respond to price changes
in the same way for all goods?
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Elasticity
Price Elasticity of Demand – The
responsiveness of quantity to a change in
price
◦ How people respond to a change in price
◦ Simply measuring a behavioral response to
price changing.
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Calculating Elasticity: The Midpoint
Formula
The twos cancel out leaving:
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Example: Calculate Elasticity from Point A to B
Quantity
B
Price per
5 10 15 20 25 30
10
8
4
2
C
D
A
D
P1=___, P2=__, Q1=5, Q2=10
-3=)93
1(-=)
2
18)(
15
5-(=
18
2-15
5
=
10+8
10-85+10
5-10
=Ed
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11
33
11
6
5
6
5
42
42230
230
-=)1
(-=)2
)(5
5-(=
2-5
5
=
+
-5+
5-
=Ed
Example: Calculate Elasticity from Point C to D
Quantity
B
Price per
5 10 15 20 25 30
10
8
4
2
C
D
A
D
P1=_, P2=_, Q1=_, Q2=_
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Elasticity
Notice that the linear demand curve had
the same slope all over the entire curve,
but the ELASTICITY CHANGED
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Demand
$ Price
Quantity
P*
Q*
Elastic
ε > | -1 |
Elastic demand |%∆Q| is greater than |%∆P|
so the elasticity is greater than 1 in absolute
value. Quantity responds strongly
Inelastic
ε < | -1 |
Inelastic demand |%∆Q| is less than
|%∆P| so the elasticity is less than
than 1 in absolute value. Quantity
responds weakly
Unit-Elastic
ε = | -1 |
Unit-Elastic Demand |%∆Q| is equal
to the |%∆P| so the elasticity is
equal to 1 in absolute value.
Quantity responds equally
ε = Elasticity changes as we move
along a demand curve
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Examples of Price Elasticities
Price Elasticity of Demand for:
◦ Marijuana among HS Seniors -0.3
◦ What is the interpretation of this number?
When price goes up by 1 percent, quantity demand
goes down ___ percent
◦ Motor Vehicles -1.14
◦ Beer -1.11
◦ Shoes -0.70
◦ Green Peas -2.8
What do the negative signs indicate?
◦ When price goes up, quantity goes down.
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Elasticity and Slope
• Slope and elasticity are not the same thing
(two different numbers), BUT…
• Comparing ______ slopes of two
demand curves allows you to compare
elasticity
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Question: Which is more elastic, the demand for cigarettes or
the demand for potato chips?
D
(a)
Quantity
Price per
Unit
1
2
3
$4
20 40 60 80 100
(b)
D
Quantity 20 40 60 80 100
1
2
3
$4
Price per
Unit
•Key Point: When comparing two demand curves:
•The steeper one is more _______
•The flatter one is more _______
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Extreme Cases of Demand
D
________________________Demand, Ed = 0
Quantity
Price per
Unit
1
2
3
$4
20 40 60 80 100
(b)
D
Quantity 20 40 60 80 100
1
2
3
$4
Price per
Unit
___________ ___________Demand Ed=
No change (think Zero)
Some change Huge Percent Change
Super Small Percent Change
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Determinants of Price Elasticity of
Demand 1. Availability of Close Substitutes
• More Substitutes _____________
2. Passage of time
• More time _____________
3. Luxury vs Necessities
• Luxury Goods _____________
4. Definition of the Market
• Narrower the market _____________
CEREAL
PRICE ELASTICITY
OF DEMAND
Post Raisin Bran -2.5
All family breakfast cereals -1.8
All types of breakfast cereals -0.9
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Determinants of Price Elasticity of
Demand 5. Share of a Consumers Budget
• Smaller share __________
• Bigger share __________
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Revenue and Elasticity
Revenue = Price * Quantity
If we lower price, what happens to revenue?
Does it depend on the resulting change in
quantity?
Does it depend on people’s behavioral response
to a change in price?
Does it depend on elasticity?
___________________________________
_________________________________
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Revenue and Elasticity
Key Point:
• Price and revenue move in the _____ direction for _____ region of
the demand curve
•Price and revenue move in the _____ direction in the _____ Region
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Demand
$ Price
Quantity
P*
Q*
Elastic
ε > | -1 |
•Elastic demand: When price decreases, quantity
responds so strongly that revenue goes up.
•Price and Revenue move in _______ directions
Inelastic
ε < | -1 |
•Inelastic demand: When Price
decreases, quantity responds so
weakly that revenue goes down.
•Price and revenue move in the
________direction
Unit-Elastic
ε = | -1 |
Unit-Elastic Demand :When price
decreases, quantity responds to
exactly offset the change. Revenue
does not change
ε =
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Demand
$ Price
Quantity
Q*
Quantity
Total Revenue
Elastic
When Price goes down,
revenue goes ___________.
Inelastic
When Price Goes
down revenue goes
_______
Q* is the middle
of the demand
curve
Relates to
Inelastic
Demand
Relates to
Elastic
Demand
Total Revenue
Curve
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Other Elasticities
1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Cross Price Elasticity of Demand
3. Income Elasticity of Demand
4. Price Elasticity of Supply
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Cross-Price Elasticity
•For Substitutes:
•Price of one goes up, what happens to demand (and
quantity demanded) for its substitute?
•____________________________
•Key Point: Cross Price Elasticity for Substitutes is
_________
Quantity of Xbox sold goes up goes up
Price of PS3
goes up
•For Complements
•Price of one goes up, what happens to demand
(and quantity demanded) for its Complement?
•_____________________________________
_________
•Key Point: Cross Price Elasticity for complements is
________________
Price of Coffee
goes up
Quantity of
Donuts sold
Goes down
Wii
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Income Elasticity of Demand
•For Inferior goods
•What happens to demand (and thus
quantity demanded) when income goes up?
•_______________________________
______________________________
•Key point: For inferior goods, the income
elasticity of demand is ____________.
•For Normal Goods
•What happens to demand (and thus
quantity demanded) when income goes up?
•_______________________________
______________________________
•Key Point: For normal goods, the income
elasticity of demand is _______
Increase in
income
Quantity
demand of
Ramen
Goes down
Quantity demanded
of Steak Goes up
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Income Elasticity of Demand
Normal Goods
•Luxury
•Imagine your income
goes down, what are the
first things your are
going to cut back?
•_________
•Income elasticity of
demand is greater than 1
•Necessity
•Imagine your income
goes down, are your
purchases of
necessities going to be
affected that much?
•______
•Income Elasticity is
between 0 and 1
•Why do we spend so much on health care?
•When our incomes go up, do we want more health care?
•In other words, what do you think is the income elasticity of
demand for health care?
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Some Elasticity Examples
Cross-price elasticity of demand between
beer and wine
0.31
Cross-price elasticity of demand between
beer and spirits
0.15
Income elasticity of demand for beer -0.09
Income elasticity of demand for wine 5.03
Income elasticity of demand for spirits 1.21
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Price Elasticity of Supply
Recall: Price Elasticity of Demand – the
responsiveness of quantity demanded to a
change in price
Price Elasticity of Supply?
◦ Responsiveness of quantity supplied to a
change in price
◦ Behavior of Producers
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Review Price Elasticity of Demand
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Review
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Review