Chapter 6 Data & Info Mgmt

8/11/2019 Chapter 6 Data & Info Mgmt

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TCT0113 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter 6

Management & Science University

Chapter 6

DATA AND INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT


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Classic Management Functions

Planningdevising plans for the organizationand setting goals to achieve the plan

Organizingdeciding how to use the

organizations resourcesStaffinghiring and training workers

Directingguiding employees to perform theirwork in a way that supports the organizations

goalsControllingmonitoring the organizationsprogress toward reaching its goals


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Levels of Management

Strategic level

Tactical level

Operational level


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Strategic Level

Managers at this level are often called

executives

Focuslong-range view of the firm

Primary functionplanning

Return


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Tactical Level


middle managers

Focuscarrying out the visions of top-

level managers

Primary functionsorganizing and staffing

Return


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Operational Level


supervisors

Focusmeeting that days objectives

Primary functionsdirecting and

controlling

Return


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Add,change,

and delete

data

Create

database

Sortand

retrieve

data

Create

forms

and

reports

Databases, Data and Information

What is a database?

p. 332 Next

Database softwareallows you to

Collection of data

organized so

you can access,retrieve, and

use it

Database software

also called databasemanagement system

(DBMS)


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Data and Information

How are data and information related?

p. 332 Fig. 9-1 Next

Datais raw facts

Informationis data that is organized and meaningful

Computers process data into information


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What is data integrity?

p. 333 Next

Defines the quality of

the data Garbage in, garbage

out (GIGO)computer

phrase that means you

cannot create correct

information from

incorrect data

Garbage out

Garbage in

Data integrity

is lost


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DATA INTEGRITY

Data integrity identify the quality of the data

An erroneous member address in member databaseis an example of incorrect data.

When a database contain this type of error, it looses

integrity.The more error the data contains, the lower itsintegrity.

It is important because computer and people use

information to make decision and take action.It wrong information provided, the decision may bewrong.


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Useful

Accessible

Organized


What are the qualities of valuable information?

p. 334 Next

Timely

Verifiable

Accurate

Cost-effective


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Files and Databases

Traditionally, information systems were

developed with a file processing approach

Database approach creates separate files

for each entity


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File Processing Versus Databases

How do a

database

application

and a fileprocessing

application

differ in theway they store

data?

p. 342 Fig. 9-10 Next


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File System Approach

Each application had its own file

Data was not shared among applications

Resulted in a great deal of data redundancy,

the repetition of the same data values Increased the risk of inaccurate data

Increased the amount of storage space needed


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Isolated

datadata

stored inseparate files

so it is

difficult to

access


What is a file processing system?

Data

redundancy

same fields

stored in

multiple files

Each

department or

area within

organization

has own set of

files

May have

weaknesses

Records in one

file may not

relate to

records in anyother file


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3. Design the records and fields

for each table

2. Design the tables

1. Determine the purpose of the database

4. Determine therelationships among

the tables

Design tables on paper first

Each table should containdata about one subject

Database Administration

What are guidelines for developing a database?

p. 351 Fig. 9-20 Next

Be sure every record has a unique

primary key

Use separate fields for logically

distinct items

Do not create fields for information

that can be derived from entries in

other fields

Allow enough space for each field

Set default values for frequently

entered data


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The Database Approach

A collection of related tables

In database technology,

a file is called a table

Each entity is stored in a

separate table Tables are linked by a

relationship between

primary and foreign keys


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What is the database approach? Many programs and users can share data in database

Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data

Database approach creates separate files for each entity


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What are the strengths of the database approach?

Reduced

data

redundancy Improved

dataintegrity

Shared

dataEasier

access

Reduceddevelopment

time


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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The Hierarchy of Data

Fielda group of one or more characters that has a specific

meaning

The smallest meaningful unit of data

Describes one characteristic of a person, place, or thingRecordthe set of fields containing data about a person, place,

or thing

Filea collection of related records


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Database Management SystemsWhat are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?

p. 343 Next


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Primary Key

A field that uniquely identifies a record

SalesID can be a primary key for the

Salesperson table

Once a SalesID appears in the table, no other

salesperson can have that ID


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Foreign Key

A field in one table that is a primary key in

another table

SalesID can be used in the Customer table to

identify the salesperson who serves thatcustomer

The same SalesID can appear in many

customer records (a salesperson can servemany customers)


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Database AdministrationWhat is the role of the database analyst and

administrator?

Database analyst (DA) Database administrator

(DBA) Decides proper placement

of fields, definesrelationships, and

identifies users access

privileges

Creates and maintains datadictionary, manages

database security,

monitors database

performance, and checks

backup and recoveryprocedures

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