Chapter 55/56 Notes
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Transcript of Chapter 55/56 Notes
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Chapter 55/56 Notes
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Chapter 55: Ecosystems
and Restoration
Ecology
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Essential Knowledge
2.a.1 – All living systems require constant input of free energy (55.2 & 55.3).
2.d.1 – All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy (55.1 – 55.4)
4.a.6 – Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy (55.1, 55.3, 55.4, 55.5).
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Ecosystem
All the organisms and abiotic factors in a community.
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Ecosystem Studies
1. Energy Flow – the movement of energy through trophic levels.
2. Chemical Cycling – the movement of matter from one part of the ecosystem to another.
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Trophic Levels
Division of an ecosystem based on the source of nutrition (energy).
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Trophic Levels
1. Primary Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Detritivores
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Primary Producers
Usually plants, capture energy and store it in chemical bonds.
Are the source of the energy available to an ecosystem.
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Primary Consumers
Organisms that feed on the producers.
Ex: Herbivores
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Secondary Consumers
Organisms that feed on the Primary Consumers.
Ex: Carnivores
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Detritivores
Get their energy from the organic waste produced by all levels.
Ex: bacteria and fungi
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Food Chain
Linear pathway of who eats who in an ecosystem.
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Food Webs Network showing all the feeding
relationships in an ecosystem.
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Primary Productivity
The rate at which light energy is captured by autotrophs or primary producers.
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Primary Productivity
NPP = GPP - Rs
NPP = Net Primary Productivity
GPP = Gross Primary Productivity
Rs = Respiration
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Available Energy
Daily - 1022 joules of solar radiation.
1% - captured by Ps.
About 170 billion tons of organic matter is created each year.
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Primary Producers
50 - 90% of GPP is lost to Rs by the primary producers.
NPP = 10 - 50%
Animals - use only NPP, which limits the food webs.
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Limiting Factors
Material or nutrient that is not present in sufficient quantity for the primary producers.
Ex: N, P, K, Mg Light, CO2
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Energy Transfers
Not 100% efficient.
Averages 10% with each tropic level change
Why? Second law of thermodynamics. Waste. Materials that can’t be digested etc.
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Question ?
Why do most ecosystems have only 3 - 4 trophic levels?
There isn’t enough energy passed up through the food web to support more levels.
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Implications
There has to be fewer high level consumers in a food web.
The higher level consumers usually need a large geographical area.
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Pyramids
Graphical representation of relationships in ecosystems.
Ex:
1. Productivity
2. Biomass
3. Numbers
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Question
What would a numbers pyramid look like in an Indiana forest? Inverted pyramid. Few producers
(trees) and many primary consumers.
What would a Biomass pyramid look like in an Indiana forest? Pyramidal in shape.
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Chemical Cycling
Matter is recycled through ecosystems.
Ex: Biogeochemical Cycles
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Matter Reservoirs
1. Organic Materials
2. Inorganic Materials
Available Unavailable
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Representative Biogechemical Cycles
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Know one or more of these cycles for various multiple choice questions and possibly a short answer question
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Water cycle
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Carbon cycle
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Nitrogen cycle
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Energy vs Matter
Energy - flows through ecosystems and is mostly lost as heat.
Matter - cycles in ecosystems.
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Chapter 56: Conservation
Biology and Global
Change
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Question ?
What is Man's influence on Ecosystems ?
Humans have had many negative impacts.
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Biological Magnification
The concentration of toxins in successive levels of a food web.
Ex: DDT Heavy metals -Hg, Cd, Pb
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Causes
Not broken down by digestion/decomposition.
Lipophilic.
Concentrates and effects the upper levels of the food web.
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DDT Example
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Greenhouse Effects
The trapping of heat by the Earth's atmosphere. (CO2, H2O etc.).
Causes:
Warms Earth’s temperatures
Global warming
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Carbon Dioxide Levels
Prior 1850 - 274 ppm 1958 - 316 ppm 1992 - 351 ppm
Point: the levels of CO2 are rising.
Cause? Probably due to humans.
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Human CO2 Increase Causes
Industrialization.
Burning of fossil fuels.
Loss of forests.
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Result
Earth will heat up.
Ice caps melt and sea levels will rise.
Climate shifts.
Increased Ps (?)
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Exotic Species
When transplanted species are too successful and upset the ecosystem in new areas.
Ex: Starlings Fire Ants Carp
Invasive speci
es website
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Australia
Has had many problems with transplanted species
Ex: Rabbits Cacti Foxes
Cane toads
Cane Toad National Geographic Video
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Summary
Identify the trophic levels of ecosystems.
Recognize the flow of energy through food chains and food webs.
Recognize the calculations used in measuring productivity.
Recognize how productivity and energy transfers can be diagramed in pyramid form.
Recognize that matter cycles in ecosystems.
Identify the concept of Biological Magnification.
Recognize several current environmental concerns.