Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology
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Transcript of Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology
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Chapter 50
Introduction to Ecology
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Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine…
Distribution Abundance
Where do they live? How many are there?
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Fin whale: Balaenoptera physalus
Distribution during Feb-Mar 2000-2001 from visual surveys
The distribution and abundance of organisms is determined by the interactions between organisms and their environment
Abiotic Biotic(nonliving components) (living components)
Relative importance of each component
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End
StartEnd of spring
Summer
Start of fall
Dainet
Balaenoptera physalus Gulf of California population
BBCt
B. Tershy
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500 species of cichliids from Lake Malawi in the last 1 million years
T. D. Kocher
First, trophic morphology; subsequently, sexual selection
Interactions between organisms and their environment that occur over a long enough period of time promote evolutionary change.
Nature 2005
Apparently, sexual selection
Hawaiian crickets, one of the highest rates of speciation
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Organismalecology
coping
Populationecology
limiting factors
Community ecologyinterspecific interactions and diversity
Ecosystem ecologyenergy flow and chemical cycling
Landscape ecologyeffects on interactions at lower levels
Biosphere ecologyglobal effects
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DISPERSALAccidental or deliberate
introduction
Fig. 50.8
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BEHAVIOR/HABITAT SELECTIONAvoidance of certain areas
C. Roessler
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BIOTIC FACTORSPredation, competition, parasitism, disease, pollination
Fig. 50.9
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Effect on biological processes.Most organisms unable to regulate body temperature.
Aquatic: water balance.Terrestrial: desiccation.
Provides energy to photosynthetic organisms.Photoperiod: cuing of daily and seasonal cycles.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
TEMPERATURE, WATER, sunlight, wind Climate
Increases heat and water loss.Affects plant morphology.
Salinity, pH, rocks, soil, oxygen, density
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Solar radiation and latitude
Fig. 50.11
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Seasonal variations
Fig. 50.12
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Seasonal effects on climate in the ocean
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Upwelling index
Sea surface temperature
Productivity
Chlorophyll
Blue whale sightings
Monterey Bay
Krill backscatter
Data from D. Croll
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Local effects on climate
Fig. 50.14
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Aquatic Biomes
Largest component. Vertical stratification: light, temperature, salinity, density.Oceans (3% salt): rainfall, climate, wind. Give O2 and take CO2.Freshwater (< 1% salt): linked to soil and biota of terrestrial biomes.
Fig. 50.17
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Ocean zonation
Fig. 50.22
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Terrestrial Biomes
Fig. 50.24