Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders
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Transcript of Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders
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Anatomy and Physiology
OrgansThymus glandBone marrowLymph nodesSpleen LiverTonsils
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Anatomy and Physiology
Types of ImmunityActive naturalActive artificial Passive natural Passive artificial
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Common Signs and Symptoms Symptoms varied and related to factors
such as:Immunodeficiency - lack of immunityAutoimmune - immunity against selfIsoimmune - immunity against other humans
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Diagnostic Testing
Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs’ test ANA, RF
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies
Examples - hay fever, asthmaCommon reactions - urticaria and contact
dermatitis
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies
Symptoms:○ Elevated eosinophil count○ Redness, heat, swelling, itching○ Runny nose, cough, sneezing, wheezing,
nasal congestion
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever
Reaction in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract to an allergen
Symptoms - sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, itching
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever
Causes of seasonal - tree pollen, grasses, ragweed pollen, agricultural crops
Causes of nonseasonal - dust mites, pet dander, food allergies
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Treatment
Removal of allergenAir-conditioned environment or move to
different climateAntihistaminesAllergy desensitization
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
AsthmaAka bronchial asthmaSymptoms:
○ Extreme shortness of breath○ Difficulty breathing○ Wheezing, anxiety, cough
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
AsthmaTreatment:
○ Avoidance of causative allergens○ Desensitization○ Education○ Medication
No cure but can be controlled
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic response to an allergenCommon causes - antibiotics, anesthetics,
codeine, insulin, vaccines, foods, pollens, latex, etc.
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis
May be mild to life threateningSymptoms:
○ Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp○ Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty
breathing
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Treatment
Emergency tracheostomyEpinephrineCorticosteroidsAntihistamines
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Hypersensitivity Disorders Food Allergies
Chocolate and shellfish are common Symptoms:
○ Cramping○ Diarrhea○ Vomiting
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Contact Dermatitis
Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction Causes - cosmetics, laundry products,
plants, jewelry, paint, drugs Common example - poison ivy
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Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatic FeverFollows group A strep infectionOccurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection;
onset is either sudden or gradualSymptoms: fever, malaise, joint painAccurate diagnosis of strep infections best
preventive measure
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Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid ArthritisAbnormal antibody that attacks or attaches
to body’s own cells and tissuesAntibody called rheumatoid factor (RF) in
blood is indicative of diseaseClassic sign is ulnar deviationProgressive disease
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Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid ArthritisTreatment
○ Anti-inflammatory medications○ Analgesics○ Exercise and rest routine○ Corticosteroids short term○ Surgical joint replacement
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Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisOnset is slowSymptoms
○ Diplopia○ Ptosis○ Dysphagia
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Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisSymptoms
○ Dysphonia○ Difficulty with facial expressions○ Fatigue
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Autoimmune Disorders
Myasthenia GravisPeriods of remission and exacerbationTreatment
○ Mestinon○ Plasma exchange
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Autoimmune Disorders
Type 1 Diabetes MellitusFormerly known as insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolismTriggered by viral infections such as rubella,
mumps, and influenza
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Lupus Erythematosus
Two types - cutaneous (discoid) and systemic (diffuse)
Cutaneous is limited to the skin Systemic affects multiple systems Symptoms of SLE:
Butterfly rash, joint pain, fever, weight loss
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Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Erythematosus SLE is chronic with remissions and
exacerbations
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Autoimmune Disorders
Systemic Erythematosus Treatment is symptomatic:
NSAIDSAntipyreticsAnalgesicsCorticosteroids
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Autoimmune Disorder
SclerodermaHardening, thickening, and shrinking of
connective tissues, including the skin
Periods of exacerbation and remission Symptoms
Thick, leather-like shiny taut skin, joint contractures, Raynaud’s phenomenon
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Testing for Infection
SymptomsFeverTachycardiaMalaiseLeukocytosisSepticemia
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Testing for Infection
TestsCultureSensitivityAntigen-antibody reactive testSerologic testingSkin testing
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Autoimmune Disorders
No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressive
and anti-inflammatory Muscle stretching and strengthening
exercises may be beneficial
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Isoimmune Disorders
Blood Transfusion Reaction Type of tissue transplant Type O is universal blood donor Type AB is the universal recipient Symptoms of transfusion
Chills, shivering, fever
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Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisMother’s antibodies attack and destroy
antigen on baby’s RBCs, ultimately causing death
Usually no problem with first baby of Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby
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Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisCondition only affects Rh positive babies
carried by Rh negative mothers
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Isoimmune Disorders
Erythroblastosis FetalisTreatment is transfusion of baby’s blood at
birthRhoGAM has halted this condition RhoGAM is given prophylactically after
delivery of first fetus
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Organ Rejection
Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue
More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection
Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over longer
period
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease
Congenital, genetic disorder, or acquired Causes include:
Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Causes include:
Medications given to organ transplant recipients
AIDS
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)Human immunodeficiency virusEradicates individual’s lymphocytes
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)Stages:
○ Acute infection○ Asymptomatic HIV○ Symptomatic HIV
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Advanced HIV
Anti-viral medications such as AZT may slow HIV replication and disease progress
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS
Intimate contact and sharing body fluidsVirus must enter bloodstream to cause
infection
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS
Misconceptions about transmission:○ Cannot get from toilet seats, doorknobs,
furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
Three ways AIDS is primarily spread Sexual intercourseSharing of hypodermic needlesIn utero from infected mother to unborn
baby
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Immune Deficiency Disorders Rare Diseases
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system
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