Chapter 5Classical Greece,

2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.

Section 1Cultures of the Mountains and the

Sea

Warm upChapter 5, Section1

• Who ruled the Mycenae communities and towns?• How did the invasion of Crete strengthen the

Mycenaean culture?• What do archaeologist's discoveries tells us about

what the Trojan War was most likely fought for?• What are the purpose of Greek Myths?

Classical Greece Time Line

2000 B.C. Minoan civilization prospers on Crete.

1500 B.C. Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland.

About 1200 B.C. Trojan War takes place.

750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish.

479 B.C. Greece triumphs in Persian Wars.

334 B.C. Alexander starts to build his Empire.

Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C.5CHAPTER

Time Line

2000 B.C. 300 B.C.

Mycenaean Civilization Develops

Mycenaeans-from Mycenae (main city)

• Indo-Europeans from 2000B.C.

• wealthy warrior-kings dominated surrounding lands

Culture and Trade• Invaded Crete and preserved

Minoan culture• From Minoans learned value

of sea trade

Fortified cityof Mycenae--steep rocky ridge--walled city

Trojan War

Trojan War - 1200 BC 10 yr war• Mycenaeans vs Troy

– Trojans kidnapped Helen, wife of Greek King

– Historians: battle for waterway control in Aegean

Mycenaean Collapse – 1200 B.C.– due to war– “Sea raiders” attack and burn city

after city

Dorians & Homer

Rise of Dorians - 1150 - 750 BC– related to Greeks

• dominate Greece (400 years)• less advanced-”Greek Dark Age”

– no written record of languagHomer• blind, storyteller

– epics - heroic narrative poems– Iliad and Odyssey—stories of Trojan

WarMyths

– Tried to understand mysteries of nature and gods and passions of man

– humanlike but immortal given to the gods

Homer

Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART I

• Why did Greek city-states form oligarchy governments?

• What did the helot revolt in Sparta cause the Spartans to do?

• What role did women and girls have in Spartan society?

Greek City-States

POLIS: The city-statewas primary politicalunit in ancient Greece

Each city controlled 50To 500 sq miles

The city-state or Polis was the main political unit in ancient Greece-A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside which included numerous villages

Acropolis

ACROPOLIS - fortified hilltop (highest)gathering spot for business

Greek’s identified themselvesMore with their local city-state and Less with their share culture

Political Systems in Greek City-States

Governments: 4 types– (1) monarchy - king or

monarch• aristocrats - noble, landowners

– (2) oligarchy - small group of elites

• Wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles

Oligarchy: Rule byA small group

Citizen-Soldiers

• Iron made weapons affordable to ordinary citizens

• Army – hoplite (foot soldiers) citizen soldiers– Made up of Common citizens– No ruler ignored the power of

the citizen soldier• (3) Tyrants

– Gained control by appealing to poor and discontent citizen-soldiers

Phalanx (FAY-lanks)army formation

Sparta Builds a Military State

Sparta

MesseniaPeloponnesus

TROY

Sparta-In Peloponnesus• Messenia - neighbor city-state

– Sparta conquers 725 B.C.– Messenian helots - forced servitude – Spartans put down revolt —forces

Sparta to become militaristic

Government • oligarchy

– (1) Assembly: Elected officials voted on major issues

– (2) Council of Elders: proposed laws

– Two Kings ruled the military

Sparta had the mostpowerful army in Greece

Spartan Class System

Class System• citizen landowners (free)

ruled• non-citizen workers (free)• Helots

• Education – boys military schools, begins at 7y/o– Sparta before family—– Women—no education, managed

estates, participated in sports Bronze statuette of girl runner, probably from Sparta.

Warm UpChp 5 Sect 2 PART II

• What events eventually caused the Athenians to embrace democracy? (pg. 117)

• What did Cleisthenses do to help make Athens a full democracy? (pg 118)

• Why did Darius seek to destroy Athens?

Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyAthens

Politics• (4) democracy - rule by the people

– only free adult males citizens– Women: focus on child rearing

Why democracy in Athens?• To avoid civil war

• Power struggle between rich and poor• Peasants demanded reform

• Draco-Greek lawmaker– Code of law: Created Debt Slavery– Created great conflict between aristocrats and

common people• Solon - ‘the reformer’ an aristocrat

– outlawed debt slavery– Gave all citizens a voice in policy making– Neglected land reforms

• Cleisthenes – Council of 500– limited democracy; only 1 in 5 citizens

Persian Empire Map-490 B.C.

Persians had conqueredGreek lands around 520 B.C. -Ionia in Anatolia

Ionians revolted against Persians -Athens sent ships/soldiers to their aid

Marathon

• Athenians outnumber• Persians overwhelmed

order of phalanx• Athenians defeat

Persians– 6400 Persian/192 Greek

dead• Pheidippides runs to

Athens to tell of defeat and dies

Athens

Greece / Persian Wars Map

Greeks split as 25K Persians approach

Xerxes marches unopposed toward Athens -10k Athenians, 300 Spartans await

At Thermopylae, Xerxes is told of pass aroundMountains—300 Spartans all killed--inspiresAthenians who decide to fight at sea-Athens is burned

Greeks defeat Persian fleet at Salamis and later SpartansDefeat Persian army at Plataea (pluh-TEE-uh)

Greek Fleet atSalamis

Athens strength: At SEA

The Persian Wars

Persian Wars Outcome• Prestige and wealth to

Athens– Athens leads Delian League

• 140 Greek city-states• Athenian navy control League

members

• Ended threat from Persian attack

• Sets stage for golden era for Athens

Delian League

Complete the following

First Battle

Second Battle

Third Battle

Fourth Battle

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. For each battle, include the victor.

Section 2 Assessment

Battle at Marathon

Athenians

Confrontation at Thermopylae

Persians

Salamis

Athenians

Plataea Plain

Spartans

Warring City-States

Warm upChp 5 Sect 3

• How did Pericles propose to strengthen democracy in Athens?

• What did Greek drama tragedies typically focus on?

• What are satires? What did Greek playwrights typically write about in their satires?

Pericles and the Golden Age

Age of Pericles (461 - 429 BC)

• Greek general who dominated Athenian Politics

“Uncrowned King of Athens”

Pericles’ Three Goals for Athens

Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon

Pericles’ Goals

Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation Hold and strengthen

empire:Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade

Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BC

27 year war to control Greek Peoplesand prosperous trade

Spartans and Athenians Go to War

Peloponnesian War –Land vs. Sea– Sparta: Strengths

• Strong land-based army• Advantage: navy could not attack

Sparta was too far inland

– Athens• Strong navy• Attack Sparta’s allies

– Sparta marches on Athens• Pericles brings citizens into city

behind walls• Sparta burns countryside (food)• Athens spared as long as ships

sailed into harbor

Spartans and Athenians Go to War

2 Disasters– plague in Athens (430 BC)

• 1/3 to 2/3 death rate• Pericles dies

– Syracuse battle (415-413 BC)• army / fleet destroyed

• Athens surrenders (404 BC)– Empire destroyed– Democracy in trouble

Athenian / U.S. Democracy

• Citizens: male; 18 years old; born of citizen parents

• Laws voted on and proposed directly by citizen assembly

• Leaders chosen by lot

• Executive branch-Council of 500; carries out laws

• Juries varied in size

• No attorneys; no appeals; one-day trials

• Citizens: born in Untied States or completed citizen process

• Representatives elected to propose and vote on laws

• Elected

• Executive branch-elected & appointed officials

• Juries composed of 12 jurors

• Defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys; long appeals process

Direct Democracy Representative Democracy

Philosophers Search for Truth

Philosophers rise in time of uncertainty– “lovers of wisdom”– Believed in natural order of universe

and…– We can understand via logic / reason

• Socrates– Search for universal standard for truth

and justice– Encouraged Greeks to question

themselves and moral character– “Socratic Method” probing questions to

find the truth– condemned to death at 70 “corrupting

the youth of Athens” –of aristocracy• poisoned himself

Socrates

Philosophers Search for Truth• Plato-student of Scocrates

– Studied individual’s class and role in life– The Republic

• perfectly governed society• “farmers, artisans, warriors and ruling class”• “Philosopher-king”

• Aristotle– known for his carefully detailed observations

about nature and the physical world, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology.

Aristotle

Plato

Warm UpChapter 5 Section 4

• Why was Greece so easily conquered by the Macedonians?

• How big was Alexander’s empire before his death?

Philip Conquers Greece

Greek city-states weak after Peloponnesian War

Philip II - (359 - 336 BC)– King of Macedonia north of Greece– Ambition to control Greece– Greeks looked down on

Macedonians--uncivilized• Built strong army -phalanx strategy

– Phalanx breaks thru--cavalry strikes

• sites on Greece / Persia– Demosthenes (dee-MAHS-thuh neez) -

Athenian orator• warned other Greeks of Philip’s

intention– conquered Athens/Thebes in 338 BC

• Murdered at daughter’s wedding - 336 BC

Alexander Defeats Persia

Alexander the Great – son of Philip II (336-323 BC)

• Defeat of Persians in Anatolia, 334 BC– Darius III (Persian king)

• Alexander charges direct at Darius-fled in fear

• Gains control of Anatolia• offered western 1/3 of his empire; Alexander

rejects vows to take all Persia

• Egyptians welcome Alexander as liberator– founds Alexandria (332 BC)– crowned Pharaoh

• Defeats Darius at Gaugamela 250K army at ruins of Nineveh– end of Persian Empire

20 y/o when he became kingStudent of Aristotle

Alexander’s Empire

Alexander leaves Mesopotamia to pursue Darius and conquer the remote Asian provinces

Darius found dead

Alexander’s Conquests

Conquest over Governing• Indus River Valley 327 BC

– Indians used elephant warfare

• 11 years, 11,000 miles– Low morale, he agrees to return to

Babylon to organize/unify empire

• Dies of fever in Babylon– 323 BC; 33 y/o

Post Alexander-Generals fight for control

• Antigonus – Macedonia; Greek city-states

• Ptolemy - Egypt• Seleusus - Persia

Alexander’s Conquests Impact Future Cultures

A new culture arises that blendsGreek, Egyptian and Eastern customs

Range of Alexander’s Empire

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how far north, south, east, and west Alexander ruled.

Section 4 Assessment

Alexander’s Rule

North

West

South

East

Macedonia

Greece

Egypt

India

Alexander—Empire Builder

Chapter 5Classical Greece,

2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.

Section 5The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria

Hellenistic (Greek, Persian, Egyptian)– Local traditions with Greek culture

• Alexandria, Egypt– economic and cultural center; an

international community– Alexander’s glass coffin– Pharos lighthouse– Museums/library - 1/2 million scrolls– Center for science and research

Achievements of Hellenistic Culture

Science– earth’s position in solar system—

center of solar system (dominates next 14 centuries

– earth’s circumference– Euclid – mathematician

• Started geometry school• The Elements (geometry): used by

scholars well into 1900s– Archimedes - geometry/physics

• pi (circumference to diameter)• Archimedes screw to raise/lower

water

Euclid

Archimedes

Philosophy and Art

Stoicism– divine power controls universe– Live life in harmony with natural law– Vices: wealth, desires, power are

dangerous– promoted social unity and focus on

control things you could

Epicureanism– universe composed of atoms

• ruled by gods– harmony of body and mind: only

reality is that which the senses perceive

– pursuit of human pleasure

Sculpture– from idealistic to realistic

How people should live their lives: 2 views

Colossus of Rhodes: largest Hellenistic statue

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Hellenistic achievements in each of the four categories shown below.

Section 5 Assessment

Disproved the belief that the sun was smaller than Greece, advanced the theory that earth revolves around sun

astronomy

geometry

philosophy

art

Stoicism, Epicureanism

Realism in sculpture, Colossus of Rhodes

Euclid’s The Elements, calculation of pi

Category Achievements

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture