CHAPTER 4

The variety of resources on earth

1.Water, air, soil, mineral, fossil fuel are resources on earth.

2. Human beings and other living things need this resources to stay alive

3. The food we eat and the water we drink. Can you give other examples?

b. AirAir is a mixture of gases. The atmosphere is the layer envelops the Earth. Air is need by all living thing to survive

c. Fossil fuelsFossil fuels are formed from the remains of the animals and plants that died millions of years ago. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are examples of fossil feuls

d. WaterNo living thing can survive without water

e. Soil Soil contain humus, air, water and minerals

f. MineralsMinerals are solid inorganic substances. Examples of minerals are gold, silver,

a. FoodAnimals and plants are sources of food, fuel, clothes and building.

•Human beings, animals and plants need food, water, air and shelter in order to survive.•The Earth has the resources needed to sustain life.•The resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living things.

•Air is needed by all living things to survive.•The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth.•Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.•Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth.

1.Oxygena.Used for respiration by living thingsb.Used in combustion of materialsc.Used in industriesd.Released during photosynthesis.

2.Carbon dioxidea.Used by green plants to carry out photosynthesisb.Used in fire extinguishersc.Released during respiration and combustion.

Air

Water

• Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth.• The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground water.• Importance of water

– To animals/human• It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism• It is the main component of the blood• It transports nutrient to all cell in the body• It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion.• It helps to control the body temperature.

– To plants• It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells.• It is used in photosynthesis.• Need for the germination of seeds.• Dissolves minerals salts in the ground for absorbtion by the root of plants• Helps to support aquatic plants• Cool down the plant (transpiration)

Soil• Soil refers to the outer layer of the Earth.• Soil contains mineral matter, organic matter, air and water.• The soil organic matter includes

– Organic litter such as fallen leaves, twigs, fruit, animal dropping etc.

– humus formed from the composition of organic litter.– Microorganism living in the soil.

• Air and water are found in pore spaces between the soil particles.

• The presence of air and water in the soil makes soil a natural habitat for various types of plants and animal.

• Importance of soil– Source of minerals and fossil fuel– Source of clay for making pottery– Source of sand for making glass and cement– Base for agricultural activities– Foundation for construction of houses, building,

road and other structures.

Living thingsImportance of plants and animals

• Flora and fauna (plants and animals) are also natural resources that sustain life.

• Plants and animals are resources needed by human beings.

• We can obtain food, fuel, materials for making clothes and building materials from plants and animals.

• Green plants are able to make their own food by carrying out photosynthesis.

• Animal are not able to make their own food.• Some animals for example, giraffes and

elephants feed on plants.• Some animals for example, tigers and snakes

feed on other animals.• Aquatic plants and animals are also important

resources for sustaining life.

Mineral • Minerals are inorganic substances found naturally on land and in

seas or oceans.• Examples of minerals are feldspar, quartz, iron, zinc, aluminium,

tin, silver and gold.• Some minerals for example aluminium and iron are mined

because they can be used as raw materials in various industries.

Fossil FuelsFossil fuels are formed from the remains of animals and plants that have died millions of years.There are three types of fossil fuels; petroleum, coal and natural gas.Coal and natural gas can be burnt as fuel directly after they mined.Petroleum can be separated into different parts by fractional distillation before use.Products of fractional distillation are petrol, diesel, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. ( LPG ).

PMR 2012

ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND MIXTURE PMR 04, 06

• Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of particle.

• An element cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by physical or chemical methods.

• Examples of elements are copper, carbon, iron, gold, sulphur and aluminium.

• There are more than 110 elements.• Element can be grouped into metals and non-metal.

a. Elements• An element is made up only one type of particle . An element cannot be broken

• Examples of elements

a. Copper wires are made up of copper particles

b. Iron are made up of Iron particles

c. Sulfur are made upof sulfur particles

I. All of metal e.x. Copper, carbon, iron, gold sulphur and aluminium.

ii. Oxygen (O2) – two particles oxygen

iii. Hydrogen (H2) – Two particles hydrogen

Element Metal Non-metal

iodinealuminium

copper

sulphur

carbon

tin

potassium

mercurybromine

phosphorus

argon

Conduct electricity PMR 2011

Metal PMR 06 Non-metal PMR 06

There are 91 types of metals that have been identified so far.

There are 19 types of non-metals that have been identified so far.

Examples of metal: mercury, potassium, sodium, silver, magnesium, platinum, lead, gold

Example of non-metal: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, iodine, bromine, chorine

Metals Non metals

MetalsState (at room temperature)

Non metalsState (at room temperature)

Aluminium Solid Carbon SolidTin Solid Sulphur Solid

Silver/Argentum Solid Iodine SolidPotassium Solid Bromine Liquid

Copper Solid Oxygen GasIron Solid Chlorine Gas

Mercury Liquid Hydrogen Gas

State at room temperature Examples of non-metals

Solid Carbon, sulphur, iodine, phosphorus, silicon

Liquid Bromine

Gas Hydrogen, argon, xenon, radon, helium, oxygen, neon, krypton, chlorine, fluoride, rare gases.

Examples of metals and non metalsExamples of non-metals

b. Compound• A compound is substance made up of two or more types of particles that are chemical combined• We can use chemical method to break a compound

Examples1. Water (H20)

3. Salt ( Sodium Chloride ) Is made up of Sodium and chlorine

2. Carbon dioxide (C02) 1 particles carbon and 2 oxygen

4. sand Is made up of silicon and oxygen

5. Rust (iron oxide) Is made up of Iron and oxygen

- 2 particle hydrogen and 1 oxygen

Metals Non-metals

Have shiny surface Have dull surface

Malleable (can be shaped) Brittle

Ductile (can be stretched) Not ductile

Have high melting point Have low melting point

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Properties of metals and non-metals

MixturesA mixture is a substance made up of two or more types ofParticles that are physically combined

Examples of mixtures

1. Air

Air is mixtures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, and Dust

2. SoilIs a mixtures of sand , clay, water , mineral salt and humus

3. Salt solutionIs mixture of salt and water

4. Coffee

Is mixture of coffee powder, sugar and water

Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.•Filtration•Sieving/Sifting•Evaporation•Decantation •Distillation•Using a magnet•Precipitation•Extraction•Chromatography.

Mixtures Components

AirOxygen, hydrogen, water vapor, inert gases, dust, bacteria and other substances.

Salt solution water, salt

Milo drink Water, milo powder, sugar, milk

Petroleum Petrol, kerosene, diesel, bitumen

Soil Stones, sand, humus, minerals, mineral salts, air, water.

Mixtures•Mixtures are substances that are made up of two or more types of particles which combine physically.•The different types of particles in a mixtures are not chemically combined and they can mix in any proportion.•The components of a mixture can be separated easily by physical methods such as evaporation and filtration or by the use of magnet.•Examples : blood, air, soil, coffee etc.

Separation of Mixtures. PMR 05

Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.•Filtration•Sieving/Sifting•Evaporation•Decantation •Distillation•Using a magnet•Precipitation•Extraction•Chromatography.

Gambar dari buku dirumah.. purple

Filtration Sifting

Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.•Filtration•Sieving/Sifting•Evaporation•Decantation •Distillation•Using a magnet•Precipitation•Chromatography.

• Extraction

PMR 2012

Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these method

•Decantation •Distillation•Using a magnet•Precipitation•Extraction•Chromatography.

Decantation

Distillation

Compounds Component elementsWater Oxygen, hydrogenCarbon dioxide Carbon, oxygenNitric acid Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygenSulphuric acid Hydrogen, sulphur, oxygenSodium chloride (Common salt)

Sodium, chlorine

Baking soda Sodium, Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

Sugar Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygenHydrochloric acid Hydrogen, chlorineCalcium chloride (lime water)

Calcium, chloride, oxygen

Ammonia Hydrogen, NitrogenSodium hydroxide Sodium, hydrogen, oxygenZinc nitrate Zinc, nitrogen, oxygenSodium bicarbonate Sodium, carbon, hydrogen,

oxygenNaftalena Carbon, hydrogen

Compounds PMR 04, 08•Compounds are substances that are made up of two or more types of particles.•These particles combine chemically according to a fixed proportion.

ELEMENT

• Made up only one type of particles•It cannot be broken

COMPOUND

•Made up more than one type of particles•It can be broken by chemical methods

Comparison between an element and a compound

Comparison between a compound and a mixture

COMPOUND

• The element in compound are chemically joined together•It cannot be broken by physical method

MIXTURE

•The element are not chemically joined together•It can easily separated into physical method

Components of a mixture can be separated by any of these methods.•Filtration•Sieving/Sifting•Evaporation•Decantation •Distillation•Using a magnet•Precipitation•Extraction•Chromatography.

Kelantan 2011Selangor 2011

PMR 2012

Activity

Separating the components of mixture of iron filling and sulfur powder

Apparatus and materials:1. Iron filling, sulphur powder, beaker, glass rod, bar magnet and Evaporation dish

Iron filling

Evaporation dish

Sulphur powder

Mixture of iron Filling and sulphur powder

magnet

1. Put two spatulas of iron on an evaporation dish. Observe the colour.

2. Put one spatula of sulphur powder on an evaporation dish . Observe the colour.

3. Mix the two substances in a beaker with a glass rod.

• What do you see?

What do you see

4. Bring a bar magnet to the mixture• What do you see?• Are the iron filling separated from the sulfur powder?

Iron filing is black. Iron filing are attracted to magnet

Sulfur powder is yellow Sulphur powder is not attracted to magnet

Just iron filling attracted by magnetYes !

Procedure

Precaution

1. Do not drop a magnet on the floor . It May lost a function2. After activity make sure bar magnet is clear from iron filing

Bring a bar magnet to the iron filing.

Bring a bar magnet close to the sulphur powder.

Iron sulphide + dilute hydrochloric acid hydrogen sulphide

4.4Separating the components of mixture of sand and salt

Apparatus and materials

Filter funnel, filter paper, beaker, retort stand, glass rod, evaporatingDish. Wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, sand, salt and water

Procedure

1. Put some sand and salt into a beaker.

2. Add enough water into the beaker and stir with a glass rod to dissolve the salt3. Set the apparatus as shown in figure 4.6

4.Pour the contents of the beaker into the filter funnel

5. Collected liquid in a beaker • Is the sand separated from the liquid?

• Where is the sand?

6.Set up apparatus as shown in figure 4.77. Pour the liquid that you have collected evaporating dish

8. Heat the water in the beaker until all of the liquid the evaporating dish has evaporated

• What is the solid substance live behind on the evaporating dish

Pour the liquidTo evaporating dish

Metal and non-metal1. Most element are metal2. The rest are non-metal

Figure shows the properties of metal

• Usual solid at room temperature• Shiny and hard• Malleable

• Ductile

• Good heat conductor• Good electric conductor

Metal

non-metal

• Exist as solid, liquid and gases at room temperature• Dull• Brittle• Poor conductor of electricity

• Poor conductor of heat

• ( exempt mercury)

• (exempt carbon)

Investigating the properties of metal and non-metals

Apparatus and materials

Copper rod, sulfur rods, wires, hammer, dry cells, light bulb, sandpaper, bunsen burner,Crocodile clips, and thumbtacks

Procedure

A Appearance

1. Rub the surface of a copper rod with sandpaper as shown in figure • Does the rod become shiny?

2. Rub a sulphur rod with sandpaper

• Does the rod become shiny?

B Hardness

1. Hit a copper rod with a hammer as shown in figure• Does the rod break?

2. Hit a sulphur rod with a hammer• Does the rod break?

C The ability to conduct heat1. Copper rod and sulphur rod must have same length and diameter2. Attach a thumbtack to each rod by using some wax3. Heat the end of each rod that is not attached with a thumbtack• Which thumbtack drop first?

• Which of the two rod allows heat to pass through it more easily?

Sandpaper

Copper rod

Copper rod

sulphur rodCopper rod

thumbtack

D The ability to conduct electricity

1. Prepare an electricity circuit as shown in figure

2. Clip a copper rod between the two crocodile clip to complete ten circuit.

3. Repeat step 2 with sulphur rod

• Does the bulb light up?• Does a copper rod allow electricity to pass through it?

• Does the bulb light up?• Does a copper rod allow electricity to pass through it?

The important of resources

1. Air1. Air contains oxygen

4. The cell in your body and other organisms need oxygen to get energy from food.

2. When you breathe, your body takes oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide release from your body into the air

3. Plant take in carbon dioxide and use it in process of photosynthesis to make food and oxygen release into the air

2. Water

1.All living thing need water to stay alive

2. A human body contains 70% water

3. The human body needs water to make sure that the body system can function well 4. We use water to clean ourselves, drink and prepare food

1. Soil supports the growth of plants and need for farming

2. Soil is source of building materials

3. Soil is home of many types of animals and microorganisms

3. soil

4. Minerals1. The mineral in earth is metal ores, quartz, feldspar, sand iron and silver

2. Some mineral are needed by body and plant to growth well

3. Tin is obtained from tin ores to make metal for food

4. Sand can be to use make glass

5. Fossil fuels

1. Fossil fuel are burnt to provide heat

2. Petroleum is source of petrol and diesel

3. The heat from burning of coal is use to generate electrical station

4. Natural gas is use as cooking gas

6. Living thing

1. Plants and animals are give us food, fuel, building materials, medicine and making clothes.

2. Plant can be used to make paper, building materials, charcoal

3. Fish is important source of protein

4. Oil palm give us palm oil

5. Sheep give us wool to be use clothes

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr