CHAPTER 4

The Origins of the Chinese

Empire, to 220 C.E.

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1. China’s Geographic Diversity

A. Geographic Diversity and Intercultural Connections

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2. Early Chinese Societies

A. Predynastic China1. Legendary past

B. Xia and Shang Societies1. Xia Dynasty2. Bronze metallurgy3. Shang rule4. Shang society and religion

C. Chinese Writing

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3. State and Society During the Zhou Dynasty

A. The Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic Cycle1. The triumph of the Zhou2. Mandate of Heaven and political legitimacy3. Rebellion and dynastic cycles

B. Conflict, Chaos, and Commerce1. Decentralized government under the Zhou2. Commerce keeps China connected

C. The Central Asian Connection1. Central Asian nomads2. Iron working

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4. The Classical Age of Chinese Philosophy

A. Confucianism: Noble-Minded Conduct and Familial Respect1. Confucius2. Confucianism as an ethical philosophy3. The virtues: ren, li, and xiao4. Confucianism’s impact on society and government

B. Daoism: The Way That Cannot Be Spoken1. Harmony and passivity

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4. The Classical Age of Chinese Philosophy (cont’d)

C. Yin and Yang: The Balance of Forces in Nature1. Balance and harmony

D. Legalism: Regulation, Coercion, and Control1. Order and stability

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5. The Birth of the Empire under the Qin Dynasty

A. The First Emperor1. Centralization and standardization2. Imperial monuments

B. The End of the Qin Dynasty

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6. The Growth of the Empire under the Han Dynasty

A. The Early Han: Confucian Bureaucracy and Military Expansion1. Philosophy and bureaucracy2. Conquest and expansion

B. Rebellion, Reform, and RuinC. The Later Han: Revival and Decline

1. The restoration of Han rule and stability2. Economic upheaval, natural disasters, and civil war

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7. Society, Technology, and the Silk Road

A. Han Society1. Based on farming and herding2. Family and ancestors3. Gender roles4. Peasant life5. Urban life

B. Technical and Commercial Creativity1. Cities centers of creativity, commerce, and craftsmanship

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7. Society, Technology, and the Silk Road (cont’d)

C. The Silk Road and the Sea Trade1. Zhang Qian2. Conquests and commerce3. The Silk Road4. Sea lanes

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