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SCIENCE FORM 5CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS14.1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUNDS A carbon compound is made up of carbon and one or more other elements.

4.1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUNDS Organic compoundsInorganic compounds Obtained from living things such as plants and animals Obtained from non-living thingsTheir molecules are made up of more carbon atoms Their molecules are made up of fewer carbon atoms Soluble in organic solvents such as petrol and alcoholSoluble in inorganic solvents such as water, acids and alkalis Flammable Non-flammable Low melting points High melting points 4.1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUNDS A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that consists of the elements carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are widely used energy sources in our daily lives. 4.1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUNDS How petroleum and natural gas are formed

4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH An alcohol is an organic compound made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Ethanol is produced through fermentation. During fermentation, glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast. Glucose

Ethanol

Carbon dioxide YeastZymase 4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH Characteristics of alcoholAlcohol is a colourless volatile liquid with a sweet smell. Alcohols are soluble in water. Alcohols burn easily with blue flame in enough air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Alcohol

Oxygen

Water

Carbon dioxide 4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH Alcohol is oxidised by air to form ethanoic acid (vinegar).

An alcohol reacts with an organic acid with concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst to produce an ester (neutral compound with sweet smell). Ethanol

Oxygen

Ethanoic acidWater

Alcohol

Organic acidEster

Water

Concentrated sulphuric acid 4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.3 FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTH Fats are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 4.3 FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTH Saturated fats Unsaturated fatsObtained from animals Obtained from plantsExist as solids at room temperature Exist as liquids at room temperature Higher melting pointsLower melting points Do not have double bonds between the carbon atoms Have double bonds between the carbon atoms Have higher cholesterol contentHave lower cholesterol content4.3 FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.3 FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Cross section of an oil palm fruit 4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTThe oil palm fruit produces two types of oils: (i) Palm oil - Extracted from mesocarp - Most of the oil from the oil palm fruit is obtained from its mesocarp (ii) Palm kernel oil - Extracted from the kernel 4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Types of oils from oil palm fruits4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTProcess of palm oil extraction

Crude palm oil Kernel 4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTExamples of palm oil products: (i) Cooking oil (ii) Margarine (iii) Soap4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTVarious uses of palm oil

4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTPalm oil contains unsaturated fats that do not contain cholesterol. Palm oil contains vitamin A and vitamin E. 4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP FROM OIL AND THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPVegetable oils such as palm oil, corn oil, olive oil and soya bean oil and animal fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids.Soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils. 4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP FROM OIL AND THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPVegetable oil (glycerol and fatty acids)

Alkali (concentrated sodium or potassium hydroxide solution)Soap (sodium or potassium salt of the fatty acids)

Glycerol

Solid soap is formed by adding salt to the mixture of soap and glycerolThe solid soap is then filtered, washed and dried

4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP FROM OIL AND THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPStructure of a soap molecule: (i) Ionic head - Soluble in water (hydrophilic) (ii) Hydrocarbon tail - Insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but soluble in oil or grease 4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP FROM OIL AND THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

Structure of a soap molecule4.5 THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP FROM OIL AND THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPThe cleansing action of soap molecules

Soap is added to water to reduce the surface tension of water The hydrocarbon tail of the soap molecule inserts into the grease while the ionic head remains in waterRinsing and shaking pull the grease free and also break the grease into small dropletsWhen the soapy water is poured away, the grease and dirt will be removed together 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS A polymer is a compound made up of many small molecules (monomers) joined together in a long chain. Polymerisation is the process of joining monomers together in long chains to form polymers.Depolymerisation is the process of splitting a polymer into its monomers. 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS

Polymerisation Depolymerisation 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS Natural rubber is a type of natural polymer obtained from latex from the rubber tree.4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS Latex consists of long chains of rubber molecules covered with a negatively- charged protein layer. The negative charges of the protein layer cause the rubber particles to repel each other. This prevent the rubber molecules from joining together. This prevents the coagulation of latex. 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS Coagulation of latex by acids

Acid is added to latex. Positively-charged hydrogen ions of the acid neutralised the negative charges of the protein layer

The neutralised rubber particles collide with each otherThe protein layers break open The rubber molecules join together. The latex coagulate4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS The action of ammonia on latexLatex can also coagulate without the addition of acid.

When ammonia is added, the negatively- charged hydroxyl ions will neutralise hydrogen ions of the acid. This prevents the coagulation of latex.

Bacteria digest protein layer in the latexAn acid is produced

Latex coagulate

4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS Rubber was not very useful until vulcanisation was discovered. During vulcanisation, natural rubber is heated with sulphur. The sulphur atoms form cross links between long chains of rubber molecules, joining them together.

4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS

Heated with sulphur Vulcanisation of rubber4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS Uses of vulcanised rubber: (i) Gloves (ii) Hose (iii) Footwear 4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS

Uses of vulcanised rubber4.7 APPRECIATING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE USE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS FOR THE BETTERMENT OF LIFE We have benefited greatly from the discoveries of the uses of carbon compounds by scientists. Many things we use today are the products of the discoveries by scientists. CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ1. Which of the following is an inorganic compound? A. Sugar B. Marble C. Coal D. Palm oilCHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ2. A pupil found the white board in his classroom had been written on with permanent ink. What substance is suitable to be used to wipe off the ink? A. Water B. Acid C. Alkali D. AlcoholCHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ3. Which of the following is a characteristics of ethanol? A. Coloured B. Easily evaporated C. Non-flammable D. Immiscible in waterCHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ4. The following word equation shows a chemical process.

What is X? A. Urea B. Ester C. Ethanol D. Ammonia Glucose X + Carbon dioxide

Yeast CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ5. The following word equation shows a chemical reaction.

What is X? A. Salt B. Soap C. Ester D. Polymer Alcohol + Organic acid X + Water Concentrated sulphuric acid CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ6. The elements contained in fat other than carbon are A. Sulphur and oxygen B. Nitrogen and oxygen C. Hydrogen and oxygen D. Hydrogen and nitrogen CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ7. Which of the following oils is rich in saturated fat? A. Ghee B. Palm oil C. Olive oil C. Corn oilCHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ8. Diagram below shows part of an extraction process of palm oil in industry?

What is process K? A. Digestion B. Purification C. Sterilisation D. Filtration CHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ9. Diagram below shows a molecule of soap.

What is the characteristics of part X? A. Hydrophilic B. Hydrophobic C. Negatively D. Insoluble in charged water

XCHAPTER 4: CARBON COMPOUNDS QUIZ10. Diagram below shows the action of substance X on latex. X

What is X? A. Ethanoic acid B. Distilled water C. Sodium D. Ammonia chloride solution