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Transcript of Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
Histology: Study of Tissues
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TISSUE TYPES
• Epithelial• Connective• Muscle• Nervous
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Embryonic Development
• Blastocyst- ball of cells• Germ layers:
– Endoderm- outer layer– Mesoderm- middle layer– Ectoderm- inner layerGastrulation- process of blastocyst to
germ layersHistogenesis- process of germ layers
developing into different kinds of tissues.
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Epithelial Tissue
• Types & locations– membranous: cover/lining; found in
serous cavities, bld & lymph vessels, respiratory, digestive & genitourinary tracts.
– Glandular: grouped in solid cords or specialized follicles that form secretory units of endocrine & exocrine glands.
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Epithelial Tissue
• Functions– Protection– Sensory functions– Secretion– Absorption– Excretion
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Epithelial Tissue
• Generalizations– Limited matrix material– Connects to connective tissue– Avascular– Cells tightly packed – Frequently replace themselves
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Epithelial Tissue• Classifications
– Membranous epithelium• Classification based on cells shape
– Squamous cells– Cubiodal cells– Columnar cells– Pseudostratified columnar cells
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Epithelial Tissue• Classifications
– Classification based on layers of cells• Simple epithelium • Stratified epithelium• Transitional epithelium
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Epithelial Tissue
• Glandular epithelium– Unicellular glands- single-celled glands;
Goblet Cells– Multicellular glands- clusters, solid
cords, specialized follicles– Exocrine glands- secrete into ducts– Endocrine glands- ductless glands
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Connective Tissue Categories
• Embryonic or mesenchyme• Adult
– Loose– Dense– Connective tissue with special
properties– Cartilage– Bone– Blood
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Extracellular Matrix
• Components– Protein fibers
• Collagen which is most common protein in body• Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs• Elastic returns to its original shape after
distension or compression
– Ground substance• Shapeless background
– Fluid
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Loose Connective Tissue
• Also known as areolar tissue• Loose packing material of most organs and tissues• Attaches skin to underlying tissues• Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety
of cells
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Dense Connective Tissue• Dense regular
– Has abundant collagen fibers• Tendons: Connect muscles to bones• Ligaments: Connect bones to bones
• Dense regular elastic• Ligaments in vocal folds
• Dense irregular• Scars
• Dense irregular collagenous• Forms most of skin dermis
• Dense irregular elastic• In walls of elastic arteries
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Connective Tissue with Special Properties
• Adipose tissue- Fat storage– Consists of adipocytes– Types
• Yellow (white)– most abundant, white at birth and yellows
with age• Brown
– found only in specific areas of body as axillae, neck and near kidneys
• Reticular tissue– Forms framework of lymphatic tissue– Characterized by network of fibers and cells
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Cartilage
• Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae• Next to bone firmest structure in body• Types of cartilage
– Hyaline– Fibrocartilage– Elastic
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Hyaline Cartilage
• Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility– Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
• Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo
• Involved in growth that increases bone length
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Fibrocartilage
• Slightly compressible and very tough• Found in areas of body where a great deal
of pressure is applied to joints– Knee, jaw, between vertebrae
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Elastic Cartilage
• Rigid but elastic properties– External ears, epiglottis
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Osseous Tissue
• Commonly called bone tissue
• Function is to support & protect
• Made of osteocytes• Compact Bone• Cancellous or
Spongy Bone
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Blood
• Matrix between the cells is liquid
• Hemopoietic tissue– Forms blood cells– Found in bone
marrow• Yellow• Red
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Muscle Tissue• Characteristics
– Contracts or shortens with force– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types– Skeletal- moves bones
• Striated and voluntary
– Cardiac- pumps heart• Striated and involuntary
– Smooth- covers organs; moves fluids• Nonstriated and involuntary
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Nervous Tissue
• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Ability to produce action potentials• Cells
– Nerve cells or neurons• Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons• Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
– Neuroglia or support cells
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Membranes• Mucous
– Line cavities that open to the outside of body
– Secrete mucus• Serous
– Line cavities not open to exterior• Pericardial, pleural,
peritoneal• Synovial
– Line freely movable joints– Produce fluid rich in
hyaluronic acid
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Inflammation• Response when
tissues damaged or with an immune response
• Manifestations– Redness, heat,
swelling, pain, disturbance of function
• Mediators– Include histamine,
kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
– Stimulate pain receptor and increase blood vessel permeability