Storehouse Series Lesson 2 – Finances in Famine; a Story of Joseph.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22831/4/3review...
Transcript of Chapter 3 Review of Literature - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22831/4/3review...
Chapter 3
Phytochemical and Biological
Tiliaceae)
3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is evident that without nature human being’s
three basic needs of human. These are food, clothing and shelter now fourth one is
good health, which is provided by plant kingdom. Nature stands a golden mark and
provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of m
represents a rich house of organic compounds, many of which have been used for
medicinal purposes. Plant has served as a source of new pharmaceutical products and
inexpensive starting material of
In traditional medicine, there are many plants or plant parts (natural crude
drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders.
fascicularis Lam. hav
Tiliaceae which is wide
Review of Literature
Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves
3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is evident that without nature human being’s life is impossible. There are
three basic needs of human. These are food, clothing and shelter now fourth one is
good health, which is provided by plant kingdom. Nature stands a golden mark and
provides the storehouse of remedies to cure all aliments of mankind. Plant kingdom
represents a rich house of organic compounds, many of which have been used for
medicinal purposes. Plant has served as a source of new pharmaceutical products and
nexpensive starting material of synthesis of many known drugs.
In traditional medicine, there are many plants or plant parts (natural crude
drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders.
have reported that the plant Harankuri belongs to the
widely used in indigenous system of medicine1.
Corchorus fascicularis Lam.
eview of Literature
Leaves (Family-
Page | 18
life is impossible. There are
three basic needs of human. These are food, clothing and shelter now fourth one is
good health, which is provided by plant kingdom. Nature stands a golden mark and
ankind. Plant kingdom
represents a rich house of organic compounds, many of which have been used for
medicinal purposes. Plant has served as a source of new pharmaceutical products and
In traditional medicine, there are many plants or plant parts (natural crude
drugs) those have potential to treat many diseases and disorders. Corchorus
uri belongs to the family
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 19
3.1 OCCURENCE2, 3:
Corchorus fascicularis Lam. is a member of the family Tiliaceae distributed in
almost all parts of the world and abundantly found in Australia, Tropical Africa, India
(Maharashtra; Gujarat; Punjab and Rajasthan).
3.1.1 Plant Profile2,3:
Botanical name : Corchorus fascicularis Lam.
Natural order : Tiliaceae
Habit : Herb and shrub
Distribution : Australia, tropical Africa, India (Maharashtra; Gujarat; Punjab;
Rajasthan).
3.1.2 Vernacular names2,3:
Arabic : Harankhuri
Bengal : Banapat, Bilnalita
Gujrathi : Chunchhadi, Ubhibhauphali
Hindi : Bankosta, Khetapat
Marathi : Harankuri, Motibhauphali
Sanskrit : Bhirupatrika, Chanchu, Chanchputra, Chanchura, Chhunchu,
Kalabhi, Sushaka, Vijala.
3.1.3 Scientific Classification:
Domain : Eukaryota
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Viridaeplantae
Chapter 3
Phytochemical and Biological
Tiliaceae)
Phylum :
Subphylum :
Infraphylum :
Class :
Subclass
Superorder
Order :
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
Review of Literature
Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves
: Tracheophyta
: Euphyllophytina
: Radiatopses
: Magnoliopsida
: Dilleniidae
: Malvanae
: Malvales
: Tiliaceae
: Tilioideae
: Corchorus
: fascicularis
Leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.
eview of Literature
Leaves (Family-
Page | 20
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 21
3.2. INTRODUCTION TO FAMILY TILIACEAE3:
Plant is available as trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves are simple, alternate or
rarely opposite, basally veined, entire or serrate, sometimes lobed; stipule, when
present, caducous or persistent. Inflorescences are cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (plants dioecious), actinomorphic. Bracts is
caducous or sometimes large and persistent. 4 or 5 sepals appear as free or sometimes
basally connate, valvate. Petals are presented as many as sepals, sometimes absent,
free, usually glandular on adaxial surface. Androgynophore may be present or absent.
Stamens are numerous, rarely 5, free or connate into fascicles at base; anthers 2-
loculed, dehiscence longitudinal or apical; petaloid staminodes alternating with petals
or absent. Ovary superior, 2-6-loculed, sometimes more; ovules 1 to many per locule;
placentation is axile; style simple, sometimes free; stigma acute or peltate, usually
lobed. Fruit usually a drupe, capsule, or schizocarp, sometimes a berry or samara, 2-
10-loculed. Seeds are without aril, endosperm copious; embryo erect; cotyledons flat.
3.2.1 Genus Corchorus3:
Herbs or sub shrubs. Leaves petiolate; stipules filiform; leaf blade papery,
basal veins usually 3, usually with linear appendages at or near base, margin serrate,
serrulate, or crenate . Flowers solitary or several arranged in cymes, axillary or extra-
axillary, bisexual, yellow. Sepals 4 or 5 and Petals 4 or 5 while are glands absent.
Stamens 15 to many, on androgynophore, free; staminodes absent. Ovary 2-5 loculed;
ovules many per locule; style short; stigma peltate or disk-shaped, entire or lobed.
Fruit a capsule, cylindrical or globose, sometimes angled, 2-5-valved, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds are many.
3.2.2 Description of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.2,3:
It is an annual herb and shrub, glabrous, the branches are terrate. Leaves are
2.4 by 0.6-1.2 cm in measurement, elliptical oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower
serratures, base rounded. Flowers are very short, pilose, stipules lanceolate- subulate.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 22
Fruit is a capsule, 8-15 mm long, often curved upwards from the underside of the
branches, cylindrical, beaked, 3 valved, septate between the seeds. Seeds are black
and smooth.
3.2.3 Members of the genus Corchorus4:
Followings species are member of genus Corchorus
Members of the genus Corchorus:
C. acutangulus · C. capsularis C. erinoceus
C. aesticans C. carnarvonensis C. erodioides
C. aestuans C. catharticus C. fascicularis
C. africanus C. cordifolius C. fruticulosus
C. alatus C. congener C. fuscus ·
C. aulacocarpus C. cunninghami C. gracilis
C. baldaccii C. deccanensis C. hirtus
C. bifurcatus C. depressus C.olitorius
C. brachycarpus C. discolor C.trilocularis
3.3. TRADITIONAL USES:
3.3.1 Leaves:
The leaves are tasty and sourly, cooling laxative, stimulant, tonic, and
aphrodisiac; destroy "tridosha"2,3. The edible leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam.
reported to contain some trace minerals useful to alleviate mineral deficiencies of the
human body5.
3.3.2 Seeds:
The seeds are hot with a sharp taste, alexipharmic, removes tumors, pain,
stomach troubles, skin diseases, and scabies (Ayurveda) 2,3.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 23
3.3.3 Whole plant:
The powder of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. was used as tonic for anaemic
patient6. This plant is reported for treatment of Dysentery, Diarrhoea and
Gynecological problems7,8. Corchorus fascicularis L. used for astringent, blood
purifier, concoctive, mucilaginous, resolvent and restorative 9,10. It was useful in
discharging ulcers, cures dysentery, piles, extract mixed with sugar candy as nutritive
tonic2,3. Corchorus fascicularis Lam. are also used in folk medicine notably the seeds
as laxative, the leaves to relieve stomach pains, the roots for treating toothache and
the stems for treating cardiovascular disorder11.
3.4. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY:
A few numbers of constituent have been reported from the various species
of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. and they belong to glycosides, sterols, triterpenoids
and alkaloids.
3.4.1 Whole Plant:
Penta cyclic triterpenoids betulinic Acid and steroid β-sitosterol-D-glucoside
have been isolated4, on chemical examination it was concluded that, flavonoids were
present in whole plant extract12. Glycoside 2α, 3 ß, 20 ß, Urs - 12 en - 23 ß, 28 - dioic
acid 2, 3 - diacetate have been isolated and showed analgesic and anti pyretic
activity7.
3.4.2 Seeds:-
Glycosides-
A cardiac glycosides strophanthidin (1) - 3 - ß - D - bolvinosido - ß - D -
glucoside corchoroside A (2) components of glycoside mixture – olitoriside (3) have
been isolated from the seeds of Corchorus fascicularis L.7.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 24
1. Strophanthidin
3.4.3 Roots:
Triterpenoid-
From the roots of Corchorus fascicularis triterpenoids such as, Oxocorosin (4)
Urosolic acid (5) and corosolic acid (6) have been isolated7.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 25
3.5 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:
In Ayurvedic system of medicines the plant Corchorus fascicularis Lam. has
a large demand due to its use in the treatment of many chronic and acute diseases and
disorders. The literature reveals that Corchours fascicularis Lam. is ascribed to have
wide range of medicinal applications.
Corchorus fascicularis Lam. has been reported for physiological activity 13.
Corchorus fascicularis Lam. shows pharmacological actions of Anti-inflammatory,
astringent, blood purifier, concoctive, mucilaginous, resolvent, restorative9, 10. It
showed antihelmentic effect2,3. The ethanol extract showed spasmolytic effect 4, 12. It
showed analgesic and antipyretic effect9.
3.6 NEED OF THIS STUDY:
Herbal medicines are promising choice over modern synthetic drugs. There are many
allopathic treatments available in market and having a great demand for sexual
dysfunction with a greater side effect and tolerative effect after a long time use hence,
the herbal medicines are used. Herbal medicines are also in great demand in the
developed world for sexual dysfunction because of their efficacy, safety and lesser
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 26
side effects. Hence, correct knowledge of such herbal drugs is very important aspect
in preparation, safety and efficacy of the herbal product. Most potent herbal
aphrodisiacs are available and have little or very little side effects 14.
The whole plant parts of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. is used traditionally to
cure various deceases and used for tonic in tribal communities of Satpuda Hill region
therefore, to understand the scientific reasons behind this folk claim. Hence, we
decided to isolate medicinal important chemical compounds from n-hexane,
chloroform and ethanol extract of leaves of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. with hope to
get some medicinally active ingredients. The potential work yet has not been done on
the leaves of the plant under investigation. One of our aim is also to modify the
method of isolation for its easy, less time consuming and without disrupting the
phytoconstituents by heating. For this purpose we here decided to use cold maceration
technique.
Chapter 3 Review of Literature
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Leaves (Family-
Tiliaceae)
Page | 27
3.7 REFERENCES:
1. Afaq, S. H. The identity of Hirankhuri. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy. 1971,
Vol.33 (2): 40
2. Kirtikar, K. R.; Basu, B. D. Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book
Distributor, Dehradun, India. 1996, 401-402.
3. Caius, J. F. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India. Scientific publishers
(INDIA), 5th ed. 2003, 474-475.
4. Khan, M.S.Y.; Bano, S.; Javed, K.; Mueed, M. A. Journal of scientific and
industrial research. 2006, 65, 283-298.
5. Nemba, R.; Alphonse, M; Emadak, Gilbert, C.; Mouzong, C.; Nemba E. Journal
of Current Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science. 2012, 2(1), 17-23.
6. Patil, D. A. Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts, Sing Bishen, Sing
Mahendrapalsing Dehradun. 2003, 112-113.
7. Sing, M.; Panda, H. Medicinal Herbs with their Formulations, Daya Publication.
2005, 289- 290.
8. Sing, V. K.; Govil, J. N.; Shammima, H.; Sing, G. Recent Progress in Medicinal
Plants, Vol.7, Ethno medicine and Pharmacognosy II, Stadium Press, USA. 2003,
353, 355.
9. Nadkarni, A. K. The Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Mumbai. 2005,
378.
10. Drug Information System; (www.druginfosys.com).
11. Mbayem, S.; Nobak, S.; Sarr and Kanea, J.; Sambou, M.; Tidiane, B. A. African
Journal of Science and Technology (AJST). 2001, 2, 51-64.
12. Tariq, M.; Bhardwaj, S. L.; Sharma, R. C.; Gupta S.K.; Gupta, L. Indian Journal
of Experimental Biology. 1973, 11(3); 248-49.
13. Hossen, M.; Ali, M.; Begum, S.; Khatton, M.; Halim, A. Journal of Innovative
Development Strategy. 2008, 2 (3), 71-73.
14. Shah, B. N.; Seth, A. K. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Research. 2010, 2, 121-124.