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77

Note Taking Study GuideSLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN EXPANSION

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 1

Focus Question: How did Congress try to resolve the dispute betweenNorth and South over slavery?

Organize people, groups, and ideas by their position on slavery.

•

• Zachary Taylor

•

•

•

For

• Wilmot Proviso

•

• Martin Van Buren

•

•

•

Against

•

•

•

•

• Millard Fillmore

Compromise

Position on Slavery

Name Class Date

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78

READING CHECK

What was popular sovereignty?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word component in theunderlined sentence. Usecontext clues to help you figureout the meaning of component.

READING SKILL

Categorize Which two politicalparties supported the policy ofpopular sovereignty?

The North and the South developed different ways of life. TheNorth developed busy cities, embraced technology, and builtfactories. The South remained an agrarian, or agricultural, society. By the mid-nineteenth century, cotton cultivation andslavery had spread across the Deep South.

Americans questioned whether slavery should be allowedin the new territories west of the Mississippi River. The bal-ance of power between the North and the South depended onthis decision. The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slaveryfrom the lands won in Mexico, but the Senate voted it down.

Members of the new Free-Soil Party wanted to limit slav-ery in the territories. Democrats and Whigs hoped to attractvoters from all sides of the slavery debate. They supportedpopular sovereignty. This policy stated that the voters in a ter-ritory should decide whether to allow slavery there. The Whigcandidate Zachary Taylor won the election. He was a hero ofthe Mexican-American War and a slave-owner.

When gold was discovered in California in 1848, peoplecame from all over the world. In 1849, they drafted a constitu-tion and asked that California be admitted to the Union as afree state. The admission of California would tip the balance infavor of the free states. The South threatened to secede, orbreak away from the Union. Senator Henry Clay put forth anumber of compromise resolutions. Illinois Senator Stephen A.Douglas steered each component of Clay’s plan throughCongress separately. The legislation based on Clay’s proposalsbecame known as the Compromise of 1850. California wasadmitted as a free state. Popular sovereignty was applied tothe territories taken from Mexico. Also, a new Fugitive SlaveAct forced citizens to help catch runaway slaves. The Compromise of 1850 ended the crisis for the moment. However,it laid the foundation for conflict in the future.

Review Questions1. What differences were there in the ways of life of the North

and the South?

2. How did Congress try to settle the slavery issue in 1850?

Name Class Date

Section SummarySLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN EXPANSION

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 1

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79

Note Taking Study GuideA RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 2

Focus Question: How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?

A. Use the concept web below to record the effects of the Fugitive Slave Act ondifferent groups of people.

FugitiveSlave Act

Fugitive slaves

Free blacks

Vigilance committees

Abolitionists

Slave owners Personal liberty laws

Name Class Date

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Note Taking Study GuideA RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 2

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?

B. Use the chart below to trace the series of events that led up to and followed thepassage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Douglas introduces bill to allow popular sovereignty in Kansas Territory.

Kansas-Nebraska Act assumes Nebraska will become a free state and Kansas will become a slave state.

Kansas is finally admitted as a free state in 1861.

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81

READING CHECK

What was the UndergroundRailroad?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word intervene in theunderlined sentence. What doesintervene mean? You can useword parts to figure it out. Theprefix inter- means “between.”The root -vene means “tocome.” Use these clues to helpyou figure out what intervenemeans.

READING SKILL

Understand Effects Whateffects did the Fugitive Slave Acthave on African Americans?

The new Fugitive Slave Act enraged many northerners. Itrequired citizens to help return runaway slaves. Some northernstates passed personal liberty laws. These laws allowed thestate to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping. Northern whitebystanders refused to intervene to help slave hunters. A net-work known as the Underground Railroad helped runawayslaves escape to the North or to Canada. One of its most coura-geous conductors was former slave Harriet Tubman. She wasknown as “Black Moses” for leading her people out ofbondage. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published UncleTom’s Cabin. The novel was a condemnation of slavery.

Congress tried repeatedly to resolve the question of slav-ery. The result was a jumble of contradictory policies. In 1854,Senator Douglas introduced a bill to divide the Nebraska Territory into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The peo-ple of each territory would decide whether to be slave or freewhen they applied for statehood. The Kansas-Nebraska Actallowed slavery to spread to areas that had been free for morethan 30 years.

Most people who came to Kansas Territory were farmerslooking for land. However, Kansas also attracted settlers withpolitical motives. By 1855, there was a proslavery governmentnear the Missouri border. An antislavery government was setup in Topeka. In 1856, the Topeka government petitioned Congress for statehood. On May 21, 1856, a proslavery groupraided the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. The aboli-tionist John Brown quickly retaliated. With his sons and a fewfriends, Brown killed five proslavery settlers. During the fall of1856, violent outbreaks occurred around Lawrence. Reporterscalled the situation “Bleeding Kansas.” People saw that popu-lar sovereignty could not solve the slavery question. Kansasjoined the Union as a free state in 1861.

Review Questions1. How did northerners show their disapproval of the Fugitive

Slave Act?

2. What was the outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Section SummaryA RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 2

Name Class Date

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Note Taking Study GuidePOLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS THE CRISIS

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What developments deepened the divisions betweenNorth and South?

Use the timeline below to record significant political events.

1850

Early

185

0s–

Whi

g Pa

rtydi

sint

egra

tes.

1852

1854

1856

Repu

blic

ans

nom

inat

e Fr

émon

tfo

r Pre

side

nt.

1858

John

Bro

wn

lead

s ra

id o

nHa

rper

s Fe

rry.

1860

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83

READING CHECK

Why was the Dred Scottdecision important?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word implicit in theunderlined sentence. Askyourself what kind of support theKansas-Nebraska Act gave tothe expansion of slavery. Usethis strategy to help you figureout what implicit means.

READING SKILL

Sequence Look at your timeline.What do the dates and eventstell you about the relationshipbetween the North and theSouth?

Millard Fillmore was the last Whig President. He angered theSouth by supporting California’s entry into the Union as a freestate. Northerners left the party because he supported theFugitive Slave Act and popular sovereignty. By the mid-1800s,an increase in immigrants was changing the country. As aresult, an anti-immigrant movement began. It was called the “Know-Nothings” because its members pretended to knownothing when questioned about their group. By 1855, they hadformed the American Party. It soon split over the issue of slav-ery in the western territories. Antislavery zeal gave rise to thenew Republican Party in 1854. It grew rapidly in the North.

In 1856, Democrat James Buchanan won the presidentialelection, supported by the large majority of southerners. Then,in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of a Missourislave, Dred Scott, who had sued for his freedom. The Courtruled that slaves and their descendants were property. There-fore, they were not entitled to sue in the courts. It also ruledthat the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because itwas illegal for Congress to deprive an owner of property.

In 1850, a series of debates between two candidates for anIllinois Senate seat attracted attention. Republican AbrahamLincoln opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and its implicitsupport for the expansion of slavery. His rival, Stephen A.Douglas, promoted popular sovereignty as a solution toregional tensions. Douglas won the election by a slim margin.

Both men believed that the slavery issue had to be resolvedwithin the framework of the law. Abolitionist John Brown feltno such constraints. He got recruits to mount an armed assaulton slavery. In the fall of 1859, they set out to seize the federalarsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown hoped local slaveswould join a revolution to destroy slavery. The effort failed.Some of the rebels were killed, and some escaped. Brown’sattack deepened the division between the North and the South.

Review Questions1. How did John Brown’s raid affect the debate about slavery?

2. How was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery differentfrom Stephen Douglas’s position?

Section SummaryPOLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS THE CRISIS

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 3

Name Class Date

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Note Taking Study GuideLINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 4

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war?

Fill in the cause-and-effect chart below to show the events that led to secession.

• So

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wor

ries

that

nor

ther

n

radi

cals

may

try

to e

limin

ate

sl

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y in

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sou

ther

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• • • Li

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ins

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tion

w

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lina

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es d

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t Uni

on

at F

ort S

umte

r.

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cts

Even

tsCa

uses

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85

READING CHECK

What was the CrittendenCompromise?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word stipulatedmean in the underlinedsentence? Circle the word belowthat is a synonym for stipulated.• denied• specified

READING SKILL

Identify Causes and EffectsWhy did the constitution of theConfederate States of Americaprevent new slaves from beingimported?

As the presidential election of 1860 approached, anxiety ranhigh. Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congressto limit federal control over slavery in the territories. Hebelieved that the Constitution prevented Congress from inter-fering with slavery in states where it already existed. Duringthe 1860 presidential election, the Democrats split into two par-ties. Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas whobelieved in popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats sup-ported Vice President John C. Breckinridge. He wanted toexpand slavery into the territories. The Republicans nominatedAbraham Lincoln. They wanted to end slavery in the territo-ries. They stipulated that there should be no interference withslavery in the states. Lincoln won the election. However, hedid not win any electoral votes from the South.

After Lincoln was elected, South Carolina seceded from theUnion. Six other states quickly followed. In February 1861,they set up the Confederate States of America. The Confederateconstitution stressed state independence and protected slavery.The Confederacy wanted to win the support of Britain andFrance. Therefore, it did not allow new slaves to be imported.The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as President. KentuckySenator John Crittenden tried to compromise with the South.He proposed a new constitutional amendment. If it hadpassed, the Crittenden Compromise would have allowed slav-ery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromiseline. In his last weeks in office, President Buchanan told Congress that he could not prevent secession.

In his inaugural address, Lincoln said he would not interferewith slavery in states where it existed. He promised there wouldbe no war unless the South started it. When South Caroliniansfired on Fort Sumter, a Union fort guarding the harbor atCharleston, President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight.

Review Questions1. What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the presi-

dential campaign of 1860?

2. What events led to the start of the war?

Section SummaryLINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR

CHAPTER

3 SECTION 4

Name Class Date