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111

Note Taking Study GuideTHE NEW IMMIGRANTS

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 1

Focus Question: Why did immigrants come to the United States, andwhat impact did they have upon society?

Record the main ideas of the section in the outline below.

I. New Immigrants Come to America

A.

B.

C.

II. Immigrants Decide to Leave Home

A. Push Factors

1.

2.

B. Pull Factors

1.

2.

III. The Immigrant Experience

A.

B.

1.

2.

IV. Opportunities and Challenges in America

A.

B.

1.

2.

C.

1.

2.

Name Class Date

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112

READING CHECK

How did most immigrants travelto America?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word preliminary in theunderlined sentence. What doespreliminary mean? Use contextclues in the surrounding wordsto help you figure out themeaning of preliminary.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Whatchallenges did immigrants facein America?

Many early American immigrants were Protestants fromnorthern and western Europe or Catholics from Germany andIreland. Many had skills and were educated. They came asfamilies to work on farms. In the 1870s, “new” immigrantsfrom southern and eastern Europe came to America. Manywere Catholic or Jewish. They were unskilled and poor, andthey settled in cities.

Two types of factors lead to immigration. Push factors compel people to leave their homes. These push factors includefamine and war. Pull factors, such as economic opportunitiesand religious freedom, draw people to a new place. Manyimmigrants were pulled to America by inexpensive land andemployment opportunities.

Most immigrants traveled in the crowded and dirty lowerdecks of steamships called steerage. Beginning in 1892, mostEuropean immigrants were processed at Ellis Island in NewYork Harbor. Asian immigrants were processed at AngelIsland in San Francisco Bay. Shipowners did a preliminarymedical screening before passengers boarded. Still, immigrantshad to prove that they were healthy and had money, a skill, ora sponsor in order to stay in the United States.

Volunteer organizations tried to help immigrants blendinto the “melting pot” of American society. Still, many held onto their traditions. Newcomers often faced nativism, the beliefthat native-born white Americans were better than newcomers.Immigrants competed for jobs and housing. Their religiousand cultural differences made native-born Americans suspi-cious. Hostility toward Chinese laborers led Congress to passthe Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The act limited the civilrights of Chinese immigrants living in the United States. It alsoforbade the naturalization of Chinese residents. Despite oppo-sition, immigrants helped industrial growth, electedpoliticians, and made their traditions part of American culture.

Review Questions1. What pull factors drew immigrants to America?

2. How were the new immigrants different from earlier immigrants?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE NEW IMMIGRANTS

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 1

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113

Note Taking Study GuideCITIES EXPAND AND CHANGE

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 2

Focus Question: What challenges did city dwellers face, and how didthey meet them?

Record the main ideas of this section in the following flowchart.

Urbanization• Manufacturing and transportation centers in Northeast, Pacific Coast, and along waterways of Midwest

•

•

•

•

Technology• Electric trolleys

•

•

•

•

Problems• Demands for water, sewers, schools, and safety in cities increased.

•

•

•

•

•

Cities Expand and Change

Name Class Date

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114

READING CHECK

In what type of housing did mosturban workers live?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word innovations in theunderlined sentence. What doesinnovations mean? Circle anynearby words or phrases thathelp you figure out whatinnovations means.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Whatproblems were caused by rapidgrowth, and what steps didcities take to solve them?

America underwent urbanization in the late nineteenth cen-tury. The number of cities and their populations increaseddramatically. These cities became centers of manufacturingand transportation.

Immigrants came to cities to work in factories. Many rural-to-urban migrants also moved to cities. They had a diffi-cult time making a living from farming. Plus, cities wereexciting. Demands for water, sewers, schools, and safetyincreased in growing cities. Americans developed new tech-nologies to meet these demands. These innovations includedelectric trolleys, subways, and tall office buildings called skyscrapers. Another innovation was the safety elevator devel-oped by Elisha Otis.

Electric streetcars changed transportation. They became apart of mass transit, which allowed a large number of peopleto travel at a low cost. Middle-class Americans moved tostreetcar suburbs outside of cities. They were cleaner and quieter. Mass transit carried suburban residents into the cityfor work and entertainment.

Cities created different zones for heavy industry, financialinstitutions, and residences. They also built public places, suchas libraries, government buildings, universities, and parks.Landscape engineer Frederick Law Olmsted designed a num-ber of parks including New York City’s Central Park.

With the growth of cities came a number of problems.Cities were filthy. Most urban workers lived in tenements.These overcrowded, low-cost multifamily buildings had fewwindows and no indoor toilets. They were unhealthy and dan-gerous places. Open fireplaces and gas lighting put cities atrisk from devastating fires. Unlit streets were dangerous forthose traveling at night. Cities developed firefighting teamsand uniformed police forces to help solve these problems.Cities also began regulating housing, sanitation, and sewers.

Review Questions1. What technologies helped improve city life?

2. Who moved to cities and why?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryCITIES EXPAND AND CHANGE

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 2

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115

Note Taking Study GuideSOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 3

Focus Question: What luxuries did cities offer to the middle class?

Record the main ideas of this section below.

Consumerism

• More people worked for wages.

•

•

•

•

Entertainment

• Urban areas became entertainment centers.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Mass Culture

• Transportation, advertising, and communication made Americans more alike in consumption patterns.

•

•

•

Name Class Date

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116

READING CHECK

What form of entertainmentcombined musical drama, songs,and off-color comedy?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word catered in theunderlined sentence. What doescatered mean? The wordneglected is an antonym ofcatered. It means “disregarded”and “overlooked.” Use thesemeanings of neglected to helpyou figure out the meaning of catered.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas What formsof entertainment were popular inthe late 1800s?

In The Gilded Age, novelist Mark Twain described Americansociety in the late 1800s as gilded, or having a rotten core cov-ered with gold paint. More people worked for wages. Moreproducts were available and at lower prices. This led to a cul-ture of conspicuous consumerism.

Department stores opened in the late 1850s. They usedadvertising to sell quality goods at fair prices. Mail-orderboomed when the postal service lowered shipping rates. Forthe first time, consumers began buying brand-name goods.

Transportation, advertising, and communication helpedcreate a mass culture. Americans bought the same things. Foodpreferences were often the same from house to house. News-papers both reflected and helped create mass culture, includingJoseph Pulitzer’s morning paper, the World. Pulitzer believedthat newspapers should inform people and stir up controversy.William Randolph Hearst mimicked Pulitzer’s sensationalisttactics in his newspaper, the Morning Journal. Some novelists,like Horatio Alger, wrote about moral issues. Ethnic andspecial-interest publications catered to urban dwellers, espe-cially immigrants. Newspapers were successful, in part,because more people could read. Public education expandedrapidly during this period.

Urban areas became centers for new types of entertainment.Amusement parks were built close to cities. Outdoor showslike “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show” drew crowds. Religious-inspired entertainment, including the Chautauqua Circuit,grew in popularity. Vaudeville shows, made up of musicaldrama, songs, and off-color-comedy, spread across the coun-try. Movie theaters showed motion pictures. Spectator sportslike baseball and horse racing became popular.

Review Questions1. How did a mass culture develop in America?

2. What did department stores use to help sell their products?

Name Class Date

Section SummarySOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS

CHAPTER

7 SECTION 3