Chapter 29

PROTEST AND STAGNATION:

THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985

A Culture of Protest

A Revolt in Sexual Mores

Youth Protest and Student Revolt

The Feminist Movement

Antiwar Protests

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The New Europe

Stagnation in the Soviet UnionLeonid Brezhnev (1906-1982)Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism threatenedAccess to Western styles of dress, music, and artEmphasis on heavy industry

Overall, industrial growth declined

Impact of central economic planningAgricultural problems

Bad harvests in mid-1970s

Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracySerious internal problems

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Chechnya

Conformity in Eastern EuropePoland

Edward Gierek, 1971, • Economic problems

SolidarityLech Walesa (b. 1943)

HungaryJano Kadar in power for more than 30 yearsMoves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises

CzechoslovakiaCommunist government collapsed in 1989Vaclav Havel was in control of the governmentAlexander DubcekGustav Husa´k

The Berlin Wall 1961 -1989

Repression in East Germany and Romania

East GermanyWalter Ulbricht

Erich Honecker• Stasi

RomaniaNicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena

Ruled Romania with an iron grip• Securitate

Western Europe: The Winds of Change

Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early 1980’sIncrease in the price of oilIntegration of economies –European Economic CommunityTreaty on European Union European Community became the European Union, 1994Euro, 2001

Germany Restored

Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east”

Treaty with East Germany, 1972

Helmut Schmide (b. 1918)Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions

Helmut Kohl (b. 1930)Problems of union

Great Britain: Thatcher then BlairThatcherism

Problems of Northern IrelandDirect rule from London, 1972

Conservatives gain political power, 1979Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925)

Broke power of the labor unionsAusterity to control inflationHard line toward communismRebuilds the military

• Falkland Islands

Uncertainties in France and Italy

François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995Economic difficulties

Socialistic policies

Economic weaknesses of the 1990s

Confusion in ItalyGiulio Andreotti

Eurocommunism

1970s, Italy had severe economic recession

Aldo Moro• Red Brigade

The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility

Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968Ends Vietnam war, 1973Watergate scandalResignation, August 9, 1974

Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980Stagflation – high inflation and unemploymentOil embargo, 197353 hostages held by Iran

Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989Reverses the welfare stateMilitary buildupSupply-side economics

War in KosovoWar erupted in 1999Ethnic AlbaniansStripped of autonomous status in 1989Kosovo Liberation ArmyUS and NATO interveneMilosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikesMilosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000

Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity

The Disintegration of YugoslaviaDeath of Tito in 1980League of Communists In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structureSlbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minoritiesSlovenia and Croatia declare independence

Yugoslavian army sent to attach CroatiaArmy becoming more and more a Serbian Army

1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-HerzegovinaEthnic cleansingNATO strikes back

Contemporary Canada

Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968

Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984

QuebecRené Lévesque

Parti Québécois

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Quebec

The Vietnam WarPresident Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965Domino theory

If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism

President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable endBegins withdrawing troopsPeace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops

The Vietnam War

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China and the Cold War

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)Victory in 1948Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976

• Red Guards

Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong in 1972

Towards a New World Order

DétenteAntiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972

Helsinki Agreements, 1975

Human rights becomes an issue with President Carter

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

President Ronald Reagan’s “evil empire”

Science and Technology

The New World of Science and TechnologyMilitary-Industrial Complex

• German rockets; jets• British work in computers• J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb

Computers

Dangers of ScienceE.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Small is Beautiful

The Environment and the Green Movements

Problems in the environment

Chernobyl, 1986

Green parties

Postmodern Thought

Postmodernism

StructuralismFerdinand de Saussure

• The signifier and the signified

Jacques Derrida• Poststructuralism, or deconstruction

Michel Foucault• The History of Sexuality

Trends in Art, Literature and MusicPostmodern

Allen Kaprow• land art

Robert VenturiCharles Moore

• Piazzad’Italia

Postmodernism in literatureGabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquezMilan Kundera

MusicOlivier MessiaenPhilip Glass

Popular Culture: Image and Globalization

Popular music• Experimentation in rock and roll

• Video music MTV

• Rap

Growth of Mass SportsOlympic Games

• Black September

Mandatory drug testing

Americanized Global CultureMarshall McLuhan

Problems are global not just national

Discussion QuestionsExamine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come?How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politicsWhat is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the communist world? What influence does business and politics play in the Olympic Games?

Web links

Solidarity in Poland Vietnam War

Détente

Chernobyl

Helmut Kohl

Margaret Thatcher

Ronald Reagan

Nongovernmental organizations