Chapter 28 Notes

Filipinos felt freedom was for them also-Open Rebellion-Feb 4, 1899-long battle under Emilio Aguinaldo-Anti-Imperialists outraged

Little Brown Brothers•Poorly equipped Filipino armies were crushed and melted into the jungles-guerrilla warfare-brutal fighting•Torture was used-Reconcentration camps developed-US lost credibility•Broke Filipinos when key camp and Aguinaldo were captured•Philippin Commission formed by McKinley to decide govmnt-2nd year led by WH Taft•Assimilation proceeded slowly-millions poured into improve roads, sanitation, & public health-trade in sugar developed-American teachers set up good schools•Filipinos hated Americanization-independence July 4, 1946

Open Door• After defeat by Japan (1894-1895)China had Germany &

Russia move in-tore away valuable leaseholds & spheres of influence from Manchu

• Americans grew worried: churches, manufacturers, and US government should act

• John Hay-summer of 1899 dispatched a note to the great powers of “Open Door”-respect among powers of controlled territories

• Powers agreed but others had to acquiesce unconditionally-Russia declined yet Hay interpreted as Russian acceptance

• Boxer Rebellion-1900-multinational force of 18,000(2,500 US) quelled the rebellion(nonentanglement & nonintervention?)

• Fined China $333 million-$24.5 million for US-we accepted $6.5 million

• Helped relationship-select students sent to US for education & later spurred westernization of Asia

• Hay sent note to powers saying “Open Door” would embrace territorial integrity of China-Powers could not trust one another

Imperialism or Bryanism(1900)• Rep-McKinley vs Dem-Bryan• McKinley-war, rich real estate, gold standard/TR elected

governor of NY-kicked to VP and took nomination-Why VP?• Bryan-forced silver issue & Anti Imperialism• McKinley did not campaign & Bryan did-TR out campaigned

them all & took votes from Bryan• Voters did not care much about imperialism-”Full Dinner Pail”• 7.2 million-6.3 million/292-155• Free silver scared many-Imperialism attracted some• Mandate?-Prosperity & Protectionism

TR• Sept, 1901 McKinley assassinated-TR (42 yrs old) took

presidency• TR?

Columbia and Canal• Foreign affairs dominated TR• War w/Spain emphasized need for canal?• Increase strength of Navy & protect new territories• Geographic and legal obstacles-Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-By 1901

Britain ready to give in-Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave US right to go ahead

• Where to dig? Nicaragua/Panama-New Panama Company dropped price from $109 million-$40 million

• 1902 Congress decided on Panama route-part of Columbia• US & Columbian government worked a treaty-6 mile wide zone-

$10 million-$250,000 annually-Columbian Senate rejected-requested $15 million more-TR furious

Puppet Panama• Panamanians ripe for revolt-thought prosperity would follow

canal-US would turn to Nicaragua• Small band of rebels formed• Revolution occurred Nov 3, 1903 w/ killing of a Chinese civilian

& donkey-Columbian troops gathered to crush uprising but US naval forces would not let them cross isthmus-Why?

• TR recognized Panama-15 days later Bunau-Varilla-Panamanian minister signed Hay-BV Treaty in DC-$40 million from US

• Many looked at TR & US questionably

Completing the Canal• US/L. American relations hurting(PR & Cuba)• TR claimed he had a “mandate from civilization”• Problems w/ labor & landslides-Col. G. Goethals-engineer/ Col.

Wllm. Gorgas-exterminator of Yellow Fever helped-• Completed in 1914 at cost of $400 million

TR & Monroe Doctrine• L. America debt defaults-Venezuela & Dominican Republic

were chronically late w/ payment to European creditors-trying to force payment German warships sank two Venezuelan gunboats in 1903

• TR concerned-might remain in L. America-Developed Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• Debt etc. in L. America would be handled by US-Official in 1905 when US took over tariff management in Dominican

• “We shall intervene to stop you from intervening”• Dark Side-”Bad Neighbor Policy”-repeated Marine landings

viewed negatively by L. America-entered Cuba in 1906

TR & World• Russo/Japanese War-Russian wanted Port Arthur/Japan

thought Manchuria and Korea should not be in czarist hands-Russia had been there since Boxer Rebellion

• 1904-Japan led a surprise attack at Port Arthur-pounded the Russians-TR asked to help broker peace

• Portsmouth, NH-1905-TR forced an agreement-Japan received no indemnity for losses & Southern half of Sakhalin-Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

• 2 new enemies for US?

Japanese Laborers• Japan began allowing immigration in 1884-many to Hawaii-

many recruited into California-hard work and no citizenship-never more than 3% of population in California

• 1906 San Francisco segregated Asian students• Japan regarded this as an insult• School Board repealed and accepted the “Gentlemen’s

Agreement”-stop segregation and stop immigration• TR thought Japan felt we might be intimidated-sends the “Great

White Fleet” around the world and received a huge reception in Japan

• Root-Takihara agreement of 1908-respect on another’s territorial agreements & uphold Open Door