CHAPTER 24 The Skeletal System 24-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.1 Describe the structure of bone...

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24The Skeletal

System

24-2


Learning Outcomes (cont.)

24.1 Describe the structure of bone tissue.

24.2 Explain the functions of bones.

24.3 Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

24.4 Describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure.

24-3



24.5 Locate the bones of the skull.

24.6 Locate the bones of the spinal column.

24.7 Locate the bones of the rib cage.

24.8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands.

24-4



24.9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet.

24.10 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each.

24.11 Describe the common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.

24-5


Introduction

• Bones provide structure and support

• 206 bones plus joints and connective tissue

• Divisions– Axial ~ 80 bones

• Skull• Vertebral column• Rib cage

– Appendicular ~ 126 bones

• Arms and legs• Pectoral girdle• Pelvic girdle

24-6


Bone Structure

• Bones contain various kinds of tissues– Osseous tissue– Blood vessels– Nerves

• Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy

Compact Bone

Spongy (Cancellous)Bone

24-7


Bone Structure (cont.)

• Structures within compact bone– Osteons – Bone matrix– Lamella– Lacunae– Canaliculi

• All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone

24-8



• Long bones – Femur and humerus – Parts

• Diaphysis

• Epiphysis

• Articular cartilage

• Medullary cavity

• Periosteum

• Endosteum

24-9



• Short bones

• Flat bones

• Irregular bones

• Sesamoid bones

24-10


Gender Differences in Skeletal Structure

• Male Skull– Larger and heavier

– Forehead shorter

– Face less round

– Jaw larger

• Male pelvis– Bones are heavier and

thicker

– Cavity is narrower

24-11


Matching:

Holes in the matrix that contain osteocytes

Made of inorganic salts, collagen fibers, and proteins; between osteocytes

Layers of bone surrounding the canals of the osteons

Elongated cylinders that run the length of the bone

Canals that connect lacunae to each other

Apply Your Knowledge

A. Osteons

B. Bone matrix

C. Lamella

D. Lacunae

E. Caniculi

B

D

A

E

CANSWER:

Very Good!

24-12


Functions of Bones

• Give shape to body parts

• Support and protect soft

structures

• Function in body movement

• Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis

• Store calcium

24-13



ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.

Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?

24-14


Bone Growth

• Ossification

• Intramembranous ossification

– Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane

– Osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone

24-15


• Endochondral ossification – Bones begin as cartilage models

– Diaphysis ~ primary ossification center

Diaphysis

Bone Growth (cont.)

24-16


Diaphysis

• Endochondral ossification

– Epiphysis ~ secondary ossification center

– Epiphyseal disc ~ cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis

Bone Growth (cont.)

24-17


Building Better Bones

• Bone – healthy diet– Vitamin D

– Calcium

• Bone-healthy exercises– Weight-bearing

– Strength-training

24-18


Building Better Bones (cont.)

• Bone-healthy lifestyle – avoid smoking and alcohol

• Bone tests– Bone density tests– Bone scan

24-19



What are the two types of bone growth?

ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.

Good Job!

24-20


Bony Structures

• Bones are designed with

– Projections and processes

– Depressions and hollows at articulations

– Openings for blood vessels and nerves

24-21


Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection

Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle

Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression

24-22


Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Head An enlargement on the end of a bone

Process A prominent projection on a bone

Suture An interlocking line of union between bones

Trochanter A relatively large process

Tubercle A small, knoblike process

Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

24-23



Match the following:

___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression

___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones

___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull

___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle

___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone

C

A

F

B

D

E

ANSWER:

24-24


The Skull

• Two bone types – cranial and facial

• Infant skulls– Bones not completely formed

– Fontanels – tough membranes

– Sutures

24-25


The Skull (cont.)

• Cranial bones – Frontal

– Parietal

– Occipital

– Temporal

– External auditory meatus

– Sphenoid and ethmoid bones

– Ear ossicles • Malleus• Incus• StapesClick to see

Skull

24-26


The Skull (cont.)

• Facial bones– Mandible ~ lower jaw

– Maxillae ~ upper jaw

– Zygomatic • Cheekbones• Fused nasal bones form bridge of nose

– Palatine ~ hard palate

– Vomer ~ divides nasal cavity Click to see Skull

24-28



Match the bones of the skull:

___ Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone

___ Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

___ Mandible C. Part of the floor of the skull

___ Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks

___ Zygomatic E. Back of skull

___ Vomer F. Lower jawbone

C

F

A

D

B

E

ANSWER:

Very Good!

24-29


The Spinal Column

• 7 cervical vertebrae

• 12 thoracic vertebrae

• 5 lumbar vertebrae

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

24-30


The Spinal Column (cont.)

• Cervical vertebrae – Smallest and lightest – Located in the neck – Atlas– Axis

• Thoracic vertebrae – Posterior attachment

for ribs

• Lumbar vertebrae – Small of the back– Bear most weight

24-31


The Spinal Column (cont.)

• Sacrum – A triangular-shaped bone – Five fused vertebrae

• Coccyx – A small, triangular-shaped bone – 3 to 5 fused vertebrae

24-32



Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.

Thoracic – 12

Lumbar – 5

Sacrum – 5 fused

Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused

Cervical – 7ANSWER:

Right!

24-33


The Rib Cage

• Sternum – Breastplate

– Joins with the clavicles and most ribs

– Xiphoid process

To ribcage

24-34


The Rib Cage (cont.)

• Ribs – All are attached posteriorly to thoracic

vertebrae

– True – 1st 7 pairs

– False – pairs 8, 9, and 10

– Floating – pairs

To ribcage

24-35


The Rib Cage (cont.)

Back

24-36



True or False:

___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.

___ The xiphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.

___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.

___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.

___ Floating ribs attach to the xiphoid process.

T

T

ANSWER:

F cartilaginous

F seven

F

do not attach anteriorly to any structure.

24-37


Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands

• Shoulders – Clavicles ~ collar

bones– Scapulae ~ shoulder

blade

• Arm bones – Humerus– Radius – Ulna

24-38


Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)

• Hand – Carpals ~ 8

– Metacarpals ~ 5

– Phalanges ~ 14 • 3 per finger

• 2 per thumb

24-39




___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle

___ Radius B. Arm bones

___ Humerus C. Hands

___ Carpals

___ Scapula

___ Ulna

___ Phalanges

___ Metacarpals

A

BB

B

C

CC

A

ANSWER:

24-40


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet

• Hip bones

– Coxal bones

• Ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis

24-41


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

• Bones of leg – Femur

– Patella

– Tibia

– Fibula

24-42


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

• Bones of the foot – Tarsals ~ 7

– Metatarsals ~ 5

– Phalanges ~ 14• 3 per toe• 2 per each big toe

24-43




A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones

___ Tibia ___ Patella

___ Ilium ___ Ischium

___ Femur ___ Metatarsals

___ Pubis ___ Fibula

___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals

B

B

B

A A

A

C

C

C

B

ANSWERS:

Super!

24-44


Joints

• Junctions between bones

• Fibrous joints – Connected together with

short fibers

– Between cranial bones and facial bones

– Sutures

24-45


Joints (cont.)

• Cartilaginous joints

– Disc of cartilage

– Slightly moveable

– Between vertebrae

24-46


Joints (cont.)

• Synovial joints – Covered with hyaline

cartilage

– Fibrous joint capsule

– Freely movable

– Ligaments hold bones together

24-47




A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints

____ Between cranial bones and facial bones

____ Covered with hyaline cartilage

____ Between vertebrae

____ Freely movable

____ Sutures in the skullA

B

C

C

A

ANSWER:

24-48


Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

• Arthritis– Osteoarthritis

• Degenerative joint disease (DJD)• Weight-bearing joints

– Rheumatoid arthritis • Chronic systemic inflammatory disease • Smaller joints and surrounding tissues

24-49


Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.)

• Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa

• Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) – Primarily affect bone

– Usually lower extremities

• Gout – deposits of uric acid crystals in joints

24-50



• Kyphosis – humpback

• Lordosis –swayback

• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease

• Osteoporosis – thin, porous bones

24-51



• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer from osteoblasts

• Paget’s disease – bones enlarge, become deformed, and weak

• Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine

24-52



Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects weight-bearing joints.Rheumatoid arthritis chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues; it is thought to be an autoimmune disease.

What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Nice Work!

24-53


In Summary

24.1 Bones consist of the following substances: osteons or Haversian systems; bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells); collagen fibers

and proteins; the lamella; and canaliculi.

The skeleton consists of long bone, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones

The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone. The epiphysis is an end of a long bone. Articular cartilage covers the end of the long bones. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity. The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis.

24-54


In Summary

24.2 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting soft structures of the

body, and assisting in movement. The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium.

24.3 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous

ossification and endochondral ossification. The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and the epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone.

24-55


In Summary (cont.)

24.4 Skeletal structures include the following: condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramina, fossae, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities.

24.5 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. The skull also contains the fontanels, the mastoid processes, sphenoid,ethmoid, and ear ossicles. The facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatics, nasal and palatine bones, and the vomer.

24-56


In Summary (cont.)

24.6 The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; the sacrum; and the coccyx.

24.7 There are 12 pairs of ribs, a sternum, and the xiphoid process.

24.8 Each upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges..

24-57


In Summary (cont.)

24.9 The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges.

24.10 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together.

24-58


In Summary (cont.)

24.11 There are many common diseases and disorders of the bones and the

skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. Examples include arthritis, bursitis, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma..

24-59


Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.

~ Virginia Woolf

End of Chapter 24

CHAPTER 24 The Skeletal System 24-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.1 Describe the structure of bone...

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