Chapter 22. Rift Valleys are places where the earth’s crust stretches until it breaks A series...
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Transcript of Chapter 22. Rift Valleys are places where the earth’s crust stretches until it breaks A series...
Rift Valleys
Rift Valleys are places where the earth’s crust stretches until it breaks
A series of rift valleys stretches from north to south across the center of East Africa
The Great Rift Valley is the largest rift valley in the world
https://youtu.be/w7Y2R4KBwvo
Mountains and Highlands
East Africa has many high, snowcapped volcanic mountains, including Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa
https://youtu.be/HNLpTiSnHRg
The Ethiopian Highlands are very rugged and cut by deep river valleys
Plains
Tanzania and Kenya have wide plains areas The Serengeti Plain in Tanzania is famous for
its wildlife, such as elephants, giraffes, lions, and zebras
The government has made the plain a national park
Rivers and Lakes
The Nile, the world’s longest river, begins in East Africa
It is formed by the joining of two rivers, the White Nile and the Blue Nile
The White Nile flows out of Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake
Lakes have formed along both eastern and western rift valleys
Climate
East Africa’s location on the equator and its varied elevations influence the climates found there
Climate - Equator
Areas near the equator receive the most rain, while areas away from the equator experience occasional droughts, or periods when little rain falls
During droughts crops die and people suffer
Climate - South
South of the equator the climate changes to tropical savanna
Tall grasses and scattered trees
Rift floors are dry with grasslands and thorn shrubs
Climate - North
North of the equator, plateaus and mountains have a highland climate and dense forests
Temperatures are cooler than on the savanna
Heavy rains make farming possible Because of the rain and farming,
most people in the region live in the highlands
Climate - Coasts
East of the highlands and on the coast, the land is much lower
Desert and steppe climates
Only shrubs and hardy grasses can grow
Christianity
Missionaries brought Christianity to Ethiopia in AD 300s. It moved to Nubia, now part of Egypt and Sudan, later
In the 1200s an emperor named Lalibela had 11 rock churches carved out of the rocky ground
Islam
Islam was a major religion in East Africa by 700
Islam gradually spread from Egypt south into East Africa
Muslims also moved into East Africa from the Indian Ocean. Cities like Mogadishu and Mombasa became Muslim centers
The Slave Trade
The Indian Ocean slave trade began more than 1000 years ago
East African, Arabs, and Europeans kidnapped Africans, enslaved them, and shipped them to ports throughout African and Southwest Asia
Most slaves went to Islamic countries https://youtu.be/04J0xegh-zE
Zanzibar
The Portuguese built forts and settlements to support the slave trade
In the 1700s Zanzibar became an international slave-trading center
Most European countries ended slavery in the 1800s
Europeans
To get these goods, Europeans thought they needed to dominate the regions of Africa that they came from
European countries formed colonies in Africa
Only Ethiopia was not colonized In the 1800s Britain and other countries
divided Africa among them, they used imperialism, a practice that tries to dominate another countries government, trade, and culture
Europeans
In the 1960s most East African countries gained independence
Some newly independent countries were faced with ethnic conflicts
Language
Many countries speak languages introduced by European imperialists
For example, French is an official language in Rwanda, while English is spoken Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania
Religion
Most religions emphasize honoring ancestors
Many East Africans are animists. They believe the natural world contains spirits
Most Christians live in Ethiopia Islam is also common Sudan and Somalia are mostly
Muslim
National Parks
More than 2 million tourists visit Tanzania and Kenya each year
Safari: an overland journey to view wildlife
https://youtu.be/Pj7cRxjCXoU
Natural Resources
Tanzania is rich in gold and diamonds Farming is a major activity in both
Tanzania and Kenya However, farming is encroaching on
national park land causing a problem for wildlife
Kenya also produces geothermal energy, energy produced from heat of the earth’s interior
Cities of Tanzania and Kenya
Tanzania’s capital is Dodoma
Dar es Salaam is the country’s business center
Kenya’s capital is Nairobi
U.S. embassies in both Dar es Salaam and Nairobi have been attacked by al Qaeda (1998)
Dar es Salaam
Rwanda and Burundi
Populated by two main groups the Hutu and the Tutsi
Violence has erupted between the two groups
The borders drawn by Europeans have lumped these two groups together in the same areas
Rwanda
1990 ethnic conflict led to genocide, the intentional destruction of people, in Rwanda
The Hutu tried to wipe out the Tutsi
https://youtu.be/KqJr46_yUH8
Left to Tell by Immaculee Ilibagiza
Population
Both Rwanda and Burundi are densely populated
Neither country has many resources Both depend on coffee and tea
exports to survive
Sudan
Large country, mainly agricultural
Conflict between Christians and Muslims
Genocide occurred in a region called Darfur
Millions of people have fled Sudan as refugees
https://youtu.be/m8__o6mzsX0
Uganda
Recovering from decades of military leadership
Democratic since 1986
About 80 percent of the people work in agriculture
Coffee is the major export
Ethiopia
Has never been under foreign rule
Rich soil in the highlands makes agriculture profitable
Droughts in the 1980s caused a loss of crops
Most people in the highlands are Christian
People in the lowlands are Muslim
Eritrea
Italian colony in the 1800s then part of Ethiopia
Became a country in 1993
Tourists are drawn to the coasts
Most people are farmers or herders
Cotton is the main export
Somalia
Mostly covered with deserts and dry savanna
Too dry for farming, most people are herders
Most people are Muslim Clans within Somalia have fought over
rights to lands and cities, such as Mogadishu, the capital
Movie: Blackhawk Down 1990s civil war and drought caused much
hardship
Djibouti
Small, desert country on the Bab al-Mandab, the strait that connects the Red Sea and Indian Ocean
Was a French colony until 1977 French is the official language Capital and major seaport is also
called Djibouti Serves as the main port for
Ethiopia which is landlocked Ethnic fighting for many years