Chapter 22 Key points: Plants are algae that colonized land - Need to avoid dessication, gather...
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Transcript of Chapter 22 Key points: Plants are algae that colonized land - Need to avoid dessication, gather...
Chapter 22 Key points:
Plants are algae that colonized land
- Need to avoid dessication, gather minerals, reproduce
Major innovations define major groups
- Vasculature
- Seeds
- Flowers
Chapter 23 Key points:
Plants have 3 main parts
Plant parts are made of different tissues
Plants grow at meristems
Movement of materials in plants is predominantly passive
Water movement in xylem is due to molecular forces
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Fig 23_20
-Water into roots by diffusion
-Minerals require active transport
-Water and minerals travel up towards leaves due to hydrogen bonding and capillary action
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Fig 23_21
Rate of water movement is dependent of environmental factors
Lose water faster in warm conditions
Stomata balance water loss with need for carbon dioxide
Guard cells swell and open with water, flatten and close when less water
Osmotic pressure moves sap through phloem
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Fig 23_23
-Carbohydrates pumped into phloem
-raises osmolarity, draws in water from xylem
-increases water pressure, flows towards lower pressure
-tissues using carbohydrates reduce water pressure, directs flow of sap towards metabolically active tissue
Chapter 25 Key Points:
Animals are the descendants of protists
Animal phylogeny is not certain
Major body plan transitions
Tissues
Symmetry
Body cavity
Dueterostome
Segmentation
Animal are morphologically and ecologically diverse but use many of the same genes
Animals are the descendants of Choanoflagellates
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Traditional taxonomy reached consensus broad animal phylogeny
Use morphological traits
Use developmental traits
Assume that some transitions require fundamental rearrangements, and should only happen once
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Traditional phylogeny - based on morphological characters
25_1
- Almost each phyla is a new branch from common branch
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Traditional taxonomy assumes major transitions only occurred once
25_3
Tissues
Symmetry
Body cavity
Dueterostome
*Segmentation