Inequality and Discrimination in Tertiary Education Camilo Garcia, M. Ed.
Chapter 21 Income Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education....
-
Upload
ada-mckinney -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Chapter 21 Income Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education....
Chapter 21
Income Inequality, Poverty, and
Discrimination
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
21-2
Facts About Income Inequality
• Average household income• $69,821 in 2011 • Among the highest in the world
• Distribution by quintiles• Income mobility• People change quintiles
• Government redistribution• Taxes and transfers
LO1
21-3
Facts About Income Inequality
(1)Personal
Income Category
(2)Percentage of All
Households in this CategoryUnder $15,000 13.5
$15,000-$24,999 11.5
$25,000-$34,999 10.9
$35,000-$49,999 13.9
$50,000-$74,999 17.6
$75,000-$99,999 11.5
$100,000 and above 21.0
100.0
Source: Bureau of the Census, www.census.gov. Numbers do not add up to 100 percent due to rounding.LO1
21-4
Facts About Income Inequality
(1)Quintile
(2)Percentage ofTotal Income
Lowest 20%Second 20%Third 20%Fourth 20%Highest 20%Total
Distribution by Quintiles, 2011
3.28.4
14.323.051.1
100.0
Source: Bureau of the Census, www.census.gov
(3)Upper
Income Limit
$20,26238,52062,434
101,582No Limit
LO1
21-5
Facts About Income InequalityLorenz curve and Gini ratio
20 40 60 80 100
20
40
60
80
100
0
Perfect Equality
Lorenz Curve(Actual Distribution)
Complete Inequality
A B
ab
c
d
e
f
Gini Ratio =Area A
Area A + Area B
Percentage of Households
Perc
enta
ge o
f Inc
ome
LO1
21-6
Facts About Income Inequality
20 40 60 80 100
20
40
60
80
100
0
Lorenz CurveBefore Taxes and
Transfers
Percentage of Households
Perc
enta
ge o
f Inc
ome
Lorenz CurveAfter Taxes and
Transfers
Impact of government taxes and transfers
LO1
21-7
Causes of Income Inequality
• Ability• Education and training• Discrimination• Preferences and risks• Unequal distribution of wealth• Market power• Luck, connections, and misfortune
LO2
21-8
Income Inequality Over Time
LO3
21-9
Income Inequality Over Time
• Rising income inequality since 1975• Causes of growing inequality• Greater demand for highly skilled workers• Demographic changes• International trade, immigration, and
decline in unionism
LO3
21-10
Income Inequality Over Time
LO3
21-11
Equality Versus Efficiency
• The case for equality • Maximizing total utility
• The case for inequality• Incentives and efficiency
• The equality-efficiency trade-off
LO4
21-12
The Utility-Maximizing Distribution of IncomeAnderson’s MarginalUtility From Income
Brooks’ MarginalUtility From Income
0 0
Mar
gina
l Util
ity
Mar
gina
l Util
ity
Income Income
$5000 $5000$2500 $7500
MUBMUA
a
a’ b’b
Utility Gain(Entire Blue Area)
Utility Loss(Entire Red Area)
Equality Versus Efficiency
LO4
21-13
The Economics of Poverty
• Definition of poverty in 2011• Single person < $11,702• Family of 4 < $22,891• Family of 6 < $29,494
• 46.2 million Americans• Poverty rate 15%
LO5
21-14
Incidence of Poverty
LO5
21-15
Poverty Trends
• Poverty rate trends• Significant decline 1959-1969• Stable in 11-13% range since• Rises with recession
• Measurement issues• Arbitrary income threshold• Consumption vs. income
LO5
21-16
Poverty Trends
LO5
21-17
The U.S. Income-Maintenance System
• Entitlement programs• All those eligible receive aid
• Social insurance programs• Social security and Medicare• Unemployment compensation
• Public assistance programs•Welfare
LO6
21-18
Public Assistance Programs
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI)• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(TANF)• Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP)• Medicaid• Earned Income Tax Credit
LO6
21-19
Discrimination
• Inferior treatment• Taste-for-discrimination model• Prejudiced people receive disutility•Willing to pay to avoid• Discrimination coefficient• Prejudice and the market African-American
—White wage ratio• Competition and discrimination
LO7
21-20
Taste for Discrimination ModelAf
rican
-Am
eric
an W
age
Rate
(Dol
lars
)
African-American Employment (Millions)
0
D3
D2
D1
S
12 16 18
6
$98
MoreDiscrimination
LessDiscrimination
LO7
21-21
Discrimination
• Statistical discrimination• Judged on average group characteristics• Labor market example• Profitable, undesirable, but not malicious
LO7
21-22
Discrimination
• Occupational segregation• The crowding model• Crowd certain groups into less desirable
occupations• Effects of crowding• Eliminating occupational segregation
• Cost to Society as well as to individuals
LO7
21-23
Occupational SegregationW
age
Rate
B BBM M
W
3 4 3 4 64
Dx Dy Dz
Occupation X Occupation Y Occupation Z
Quantity of Labor(Millions)
Quantity of Labor(Millions)
Quantity of Labor(Millions)
Crowding women into one occupation (Z)…
results in men enjoying higher wages in the other occupations (X and Y).
000
LO7
21-24
U.S. Family Wealth
Median and Average Family Wealth, Survey Years 1995-2010
(In 2010 Dollars)
199519982001200420072010
$84,00098,100
106,100107,200126,400
77,300
$307,900386,700487,000517,100584,600498,800
• Family wealth rose rapidly between 1995 and 2010
Year Median Average*
*The average greatly exceeds the medians because the averages are boosted by the multibillion dollar wealth of a relatively few families.
21-25
U.S. Family Wealth• Family wealth became more unequal between 1995 and 2010
Percentage of Total Family Wealth Held by Different Groups,
Survey Years 1995-2010
199519982001200420072010
32.2%31.430.230.428.523.3
34.6%33.932.733.433.835.4
67.8%68.669.869.571.576.7
Year Bottom 90% Top 1%Top 10%Percentage of Total Wealth by Group