CHAPTER 2 VOCABULARY Define the 20 vocabulary words from pages 31 42 Words are due Monday Quiz Tuesday CHEMISTRY OF LIFE CHAPTER 2 WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT TO LIVING THINGS? Make this your first big idea on the right WATER AND SOLUTIONS 70% OF YOUR BODY IS WATER 2/3 OF THE MOLECULES IN YOUR BODY ARE WATER MOLECULES YOUR BODYS CELLS ARE FILLED WITH WATER WATER IS THE MEDIUM IN WHICH MOST CELLULAR EVENTS TAKE PLACE CELLS ARE SURROUNDED BY WATER WATER HELPS MOVE MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF CELLS STORAGE OF ENERGY WATER ABSORBS HEAT MORE SLOWLY AND RETAINS ENERGY LONGER ORGANISMS RELEASE HEAT THROUGH WATER EVAPORATION EXAMPLE: SWEATING IN HUMANS WATER VAPOR LOST THROUGH EVAPORATION OF SWEAT CARRIES HEAT AWAY FROM THE BODY THIS HELPS MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOMEOSTASIS COHESION COHESION IS THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN SUBSTANCES OF THE SAME KIND HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES CAUSE THE COHESION OF LIQUID WATER (DROPS) THIS CREATES A SURFACE TENSION WHICH PREVENTS THE SURFACE OF THE WATER FROM STRETCHING OR BREAKING EASILY ADHESION ADHESION IS THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES IT PROVIDES CAPILLARY ACTION WATER MOVES UP A NARROW TUBE AGAINST GRAVITY EXAMPLE: STEMS OF A PLANT AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS THE STRUCTURE OF WATER MANY SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE IN WATER A SOLUTION IS A MIXTURE IN WHICH TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE SUBSTANCES DISSOLVED IN WATER MOVE MORE EASILY WITHIN AND BETWEEN CELLS POLARITY THE POLARITY OF WATER ALLOWS MANY SUBSTANCES TO DISSOLVE IN WATER TO STICK OR NOT TO STICK WHEN IONIC COMPOUNDS DISSOLVE IN WATER THE IONS BECOME EVENLY DISTRIBUTED ACIDS & BASES WHEN WATER BONDS BREAK, A HYDROGEN (H + ) AND A HYDROXIDE (OH - ) ION FORMS PURE WATER HAS A LOW CONCENTRATION OF H + AND OH - IONS COMPOUNDS THAT FORM HYDROGEN IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER ARE CALLED ACIDS ACIDS HAVE MORE H + IONS THAN THAT OF PURE WATER COMPOUNDS THAT REDUCE THE CONCENTRATION OF H + IN SOLUTION ARE CALLED BASES MANY BASES FORM OH - IONS WHICH REACT WITH H + TO FORM WATER MOLECULES pH THE pH SCALE IS BASED ON THE CONCENTRATION OF H+ IONS IN SOLUTIONS EACH WHOLE NUMBER REPRESENTS A FACTOR OF 10 ON THE SCALE Next Big Idea (on right) WHAT ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS? CHEMISTRY OF CELLS CARBON COMPOUNDS MOST MATTER IN YOUR BODY THAT IS NOT WATER IS MADE UP OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THESE COMPOUNDS CONTAIN CARBON ATOMS COVALENTLY BONDED TO HYDROGEN, OXYGEN OR OTHER CARBON ATOMS CARBON COMPOUNDS IN LIVING THINGS 1.CARBOHYDRATES 2.LIPIDS 3.PROTEINS 4.NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ARE A KEY ENERGY SOURCE ARE FOUND IN FRUITS VEGETABLES AND GRAINS FORM FROM BUILDING BLOCKS THAT ARE SINGLE SUGARS CALLED MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES FORM FROM MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE FORMS SUCROSE A POLYSACCHARIDE IS A CHAIN OF THREE OR MORE MONOSACCHARIDES STARCH IS AN EXAMPLE POLYSACCHARIDES THAT STORE ENERGY: IN PLANTS IS CALLED STARCH IN ANIMALS IS CALLED GLYCOGEN Structure of a Carbohydrate Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH 2 O This is the simple sugar glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 LIPIDS NON-POLAR MOLECULES INSOLUBLE IN WATER EXAMPLES ARE FATS, STERIODS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND WAXES FATS ARE LIPIDS THAT STORE ENERGY A TYPICAL MOLECULE HAS THREE FATTY ACID TAILS BONDED TO A GLYCEROL MOLECULE BACKBONE Fatty Acid Structural Formula Generally a lipid will contain a carboxyl group, a carbon atom with a =O an OH. The carbon chain can be longer. PROTEINS A LARGE MOLECULE FORMED BY LINKED AMINO ACIDS 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS FORM PROTEINS SOME ARE ENZYMES SOME HAVE STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONS (SKIN, LIGAMENTS, BONE) SOME FORM ANTIBODIES SOME ARE SPECIALIZED TO MAKE MUSCLES CONTRACT OR CARRY OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD PROTEIN STRUCTURE Proteins are made of chains of amino acids. All The amino acids all have the carboxyl group and an amino group NH 2. The R group varies in all 20 amino acids. NUCLEIC ACIDS FORM FROM A LONG CHAIN OF SMALLER UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES FORMS DNA WHICH MAKES UP CHROMOSOMES AND STORES HEREDITARY INFORMATION FORMS RNA WHICH PLAYS A ROLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PROTEINS Nucleic Acid Structure This is the structure of part of a DNA molecule, a nucleic acid. HOW IS ENERGY USED FOR LIFE PROCESSES? New Big Idea on the right ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE A SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE WITH TWO EXTRA ENERGY- STORING PHOSPHATE GROUPS ENERGY IS TEMPORARILY STORED HERE ENERGY & CHEMICAL REACTIONS ENERGY FOR LIFE PROCESSES ENERGY IS THE ABILITY TO MOVE OR CHANGE MATTER EXAMPLES ARE LIGHT, HEAT, CHEMICAL ENERGY, MECHANICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY IT CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM INTO ANOTHER IT CAN BE STORED OR RELEASED BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN FREEZING, ENERGY IS RELEASED IN MELTING, ENERGY IS ABSORBED METABOLISM IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE ALL OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN YOUR BODY ACTIVATION ENERGY IT IS THE ENERGY NEEDED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION ENZYMES SPEED THE CHEMICAL REACTION MOST ARE PROTEINS THEY ARE CATALYSTS WHICH REDUCE THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF A CHEMICAL REACTION CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY WOULD NOT OCCUR QUICKLY ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. The activation energy is the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. ENZYME SPECIFICITY A SUBSTANCE ON WHICH AN ENZYME ACTS DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION IS A SUBSTRATE THEY ARE SPECIFIC ITS SHAPE DETERMINES ITS ACTIVITY IT CONTAINS DEEP FOLDS ON ITS SURFACE CALLED ACTIVE SITES FACTORS IN ENZYME ACTIVITY ENZYMES ARE MOST EFFICIENT WITHIN A CERTAIN RANGE OF TEMPERATURES AND pH DIFFERENT CELLS CONTAIN DIFFERENT ENZYMES DEPENDING ON THE TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN THAT SPECIFIC CELL