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VOCABULARY LISTS

187 wordsMarch 3, 2016 By Mr. Rathore (India)

dodg‧y / ˈdɒdʒi $ ˈdɑː- / adjective British English informal

1 not working properly or not in good condition :

Norton Disk Doctor can perform miracles on a dodgy hard disk.

1.

of uncertain outcome; especially fraught with risk

in‧un‧date / ˈɪnәndeɪt / verb [ transitive ]

1 be inundated (with/by something) to receive so much of

something that you cannot easily deal with it all SYN swamp :

After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more

information.

2.

covered with water

...world apparition an image of a dead person that someone sees

suddenly for a short time : He claimed to have seen an apparition

in the church. poltergeist a ghost that people cannot see, which

throws things or moves things around : The house was haunted by

a poltergeist that makes things move around all by themselves,...

3.

a ghost that creates disorder and noise

scav‧enge / ˈskævәndʒ, ˈskævɪndʒ / verb [ intransitive and transitive ]

1 if an animal scavenges, it eats anything that it can find : Pigs

scavenged among the rubbish. scavenge for rats scavenging for

food 2 if someone scavenges, they search...

4.

clean refuse from

5.

spread or diffuse through

dodgy

inundated

poltergeist

scavenge

permeate

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per‧me‧ate / ˈpɜːmieɪt $ ˈpɜːr- / verb

1 [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive ] if liquid, gas

etc permeates something, it enters it and spreads through every

part of it :

The smell of diesel oil permeated the air.

permeate through/into

Rain permeates through the ground to add to ground water

levels.

re‧viv‧i‧fy / riːˈvɪvәfaɪ, riːˈvɪvɪfaɪ / verb ( past tense and past

participle revivified , present participle revivifying , third person

singular revivifies ) [ transitive ]

formal to give new life and health to someone or something :

The aim was to strengthen and revivify the Labour Party.

6.

give new life or energy to

ru‧di‧men‧ta‧ry / ˌruːdәˈment ә ri◂, ˌruːdɪˈment ә ri◂ / adjective

1 a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very

simple and basic OPP sophisticated :

Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.

my rudimentary German

2 rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic

and not advanced :

subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form

The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.

7.

being in the earliest stages of development

par‧a‧digm / ˈpærәdaɪm / noun [ countable ]

1 technical a model or example that shows how something works

or is produced

paradigm of

the basic paradigm of the family tree

2 formal a very clear or typical example of something

paradigm of

Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be.

— paradigmatic / ˌpærәdɪɡˈmætɪk◂ / adjective

— paradigmatically / -kli / adverb

8.

a standard or typical example

revivify

rudimentary

paradigm

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| She was passionate and wilful – exactly the sort of creature a

man ought to avoid.

ornery American English behaving in an unreasonable and often

angry way, especially by doing the opposite of what people want

you to do : an ornery kid | Teenagers can be ornery and rude.

9.

having a difficult and contrary disposition

rep‧er‧toire / ˈrepәtwɑː $ -pәrtwɑːr / noun [ countable usually

singular ]

1 all the plays, pieces of music etc that a performer or group knows

and can perform

in sb’s repertoire

The group include some techno in their repertoire.

repertoire of

a wide repertoire of songs

2 the total number of things that someone or something is able to

do :

the behavioural repertoire of infants

10.

the range of skills in a particular field or occupation

strad‧dle / ˈstrædl / verb [ transitive ]

1 to sit or stand with your legs on either side of someone or

something :

The photo shows him dressed in leather, straddling a motorbike.

11.

sit or stand astride of

ob‧fus‧cate / ˈɒbfәskeɪt $ ˈɑːb- / verb [ transitive ] formal

to deliberately make something unclear or difficult to understand

SYN confuse

— obfuscation / ˌɒbfәˈskeɪʃ ә n $ ˌɑːb- / noun [ uncountable ]

12.

darkening or obscuring the sight of something

e‧bul‧li‧ent / ɪˈbʌliәnt, ɪˈbʊ- / adjective formal

13.

overflowing with eager enjoyment or approval

ornery

repertoire

straddle

obfuscation

ebullience

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very happy and excited :

My father is a naturally ebullient personality.

— ebullience noun [ uncountable ]

AIR/WEATHER

damp slightly wet, especially in a cold unpleasant way : It was a

cold damp morning.

humid hot and damp in an unpleasant way : Florida can be very

humid in the summer.

muggy warm and damp and making you feel uncomfortable : This

muggy weather gives me a headache.

dank dank air is cold and damp and smells unpleasant – used

especially about the air inside a room : The dank air smelled of

stale sweat.

14.

hot or warm and humid

squeam‧ish / ˈskwiːmɪʃ / adjective

1 easily shocked or upset, or easily made to feel sick by seeing

unpleasant things

2 the squeamish [ plural ] people who are squeamish :

His new novel is not for the squeamish .

— squeamishness noun [ uncountable ]

15.

excessively fastidious and easily disgusted

ram‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion / ˌræmәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌræmɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n / noun [

countable usually plural ] formal

an additional result of something you do, which may not have been

clear when you first decided to do it → implications , implication :

an agreement which was to have significant ramifications for

British politics

ramification of

the practical ramifications of taking on a new job

legal/political/economic etc ramifications

the environmental ramifications of the road-building program

16.

in accord with established conventions and requirements

17.

not in harmonious or agreeable combination

muggy

squeamish

formal

incompatible

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| At first I felt a bit out of place.

incompatible two ideas or things that are incompatible cannot

exist or be done together.

ram‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion / ˌræmәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌræmɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n / noun [

countable usually plural ] formal

an additional result of something you do, which may not have been

clear when you first decided to do it → implications , implication :

an agreement which was to have significant ramifications for

British politics

ramification of

the practical ramifications of taking on a new job

legal/political/economic etc ramifications

the environmental ramifications of the road-building program

18.

a development that complicates a situation

tread 1 / tred / verb ( past tense trod / trɒd $ trɑːd / , past

participle trodden / ˈtrɒdn $ ˈtrɑːdn / )

1 STEP IN/ON [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ] British

English to put your foot on or in something while you are walking

SYN step

tread in/on

Sorry, did I tread on your foot?

19.

a form of the verb used as an adjective

wean / wiːn / verb [ transitive ] to gradually stop feeding a baby or

young animal on its mother’s milk and start giving it ordinary food

wean...

20.

gradually deprive of mother's milk

stri‧dent / ˈstraɪd ә nt / adjective

1 forceful and determined, especially in a way that is offensive or

annoying :

strident criticism

2 a strident sound or voice is loud and unpleasant :

the strident calls of seagulls

21.

unpleasantly loud and harsh

ramification

participle

wean

strident

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— stridently adverb

— stridency noun [ uncountable ]

pri‧mor‧di‧al / praɪˈmɔːdiәl $ -ˈmɔːr- / adjective formal

1 existing at the beginning of time or the beginning of the Earth :

the primordial seas

2 primordial feelings are very strong and seem to come from the

part of people’s character that is ancient and animal-like :

He was driven on by a primordial terror.

22.

having existed from the beginning

con‧glom‧e‧ra‧tion / kәnˌɡlɒmәˈreɪʃ ә n $ -ˌɡlɑː- / noun [ countable ]

formal

a group of different things gathered together

conglomeration of

the loose conglomeration of artists known as L'École de Paris

23.

a sum total of many heterogeneous things taken together

in‧con‧gru‧ous / ɪnˈkɒŋɡruәs $ -ˈkɑːŋ- / adjective

strange, unexpected, or unsuitable in a particular situation :

The new theatre looks utterly incongruous in its setting.

— incongruously adverb

THESAURUS

unsuitable/not suitable not having the right qualities for a

particular person, purpose, or situation : These toys are not suitable

for children under 3.

24.

lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness

neb‧u‧lous / ˈnebjәlәs, ˈnebjʊlәs / adjective formal

1 an idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact SYN vague :

‘Normality’ is a rather nebulous concept.

25.

lacking definite form or limits

26.

bite or chew on with the teeth

primordial

conglomeration

incongruous

nebulous

gnaw

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gnaw / nɔː $ nɒː / verb [ intransitive, transitive always +

adverb/preposition ]

to keep biting something hard SYN chew :

Dexter gnawed his pen thoughtfully.

| The men had disguised the vessel as fishing boat.

camouflage to hide something by covering it with materials that

make it look like the things around it : We camouflaged the plane

by covering it with leaves.

27.

an outward semblance misrepresenting the nature of something

di‧dac‧tic / daɪˈdæktɪk, dә- / adjective

1 speech or writing that is didactic is intended to teach people a

moral lesson :

His novel has a didactic tone.

28.

instructive, especially excessively

2 I don’t envy you/her etc spoken used to say that you are glad that

you are not in the bad situation that someone else is in

ex‧pe‧di‧tion / ˌekspәˈdɪʃ ә n, ˌekspɪˈdɪʃ ә n / noun

1 [ countable ] a long and carefully organized journey, especially to

a dangerous or unfamiliar place, or the people that make this

journey :

an expedition to the North Pole

another Everest expedition

on an expedition

He went on an expedition to Borneo.

29.

an organized group of people undertaking a journey

e‧poch / ˈiːpɒk $ ˈepәk / noun [ countable ] a period of history SYN

era : the Victorian epoch The king’s death marked the end of an

epoch . the beginning of a new epoch THESAURUS A PERIOD IN

HISTORY period a particular...

30.

a period marked by distinctive character

camouflage

didactic

expedition

epoch

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scin‧til‧lat‧ing / ˈsɪntәleɪtɪŋ, ˈsɪntɪleɪtɪŋ / adjective

interesting, clever, and amusing :

scintillating conversation

a scintillating performance

31.

having brief brilliant points or flashes of light

in‧cen‧di‧a‧ry 1 / ɪnˈsendiәri $ -dieri / adjective

1 [ only before noun ] designed to cause a fire

incendiary bomb/device

The explosion seems to have been caused by an incendiary device.

32.

capable of catching fire spontaneously

in‧can‧des‧cent / ˌɪnkænˈdes ә nt◂ $ -kәn- / adjective

1 very angry :

The prince was said to be incandescent with rage .

33.

emitting light as a result of being heated

Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant.

— nonchalance noun [ uncountable ]

— nonchalantly adverb :

He smiled nonchalantly.

34.

in a composed and unconcerned manner

e‧poch / ˈiːpɒk $ ˈepәk / noun [ countable ] a period of history SYN

era : the Victorian epoch The king’s death marked the end of an

epoch . the beginning of a new epoch THESAURUS A PERIOD IN...

35.

a period marked by distinctive character

tread 1 / tred / verb ( past tense trod / trɒd $ trɑːd / , past

36.

put down or press the foot, place the foot

scintillating

incendiary

incandescent

nonchalantly

era

tread

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participle trodden / ˈtrɒdn $ ˈtrɑːdn / )

1 STEP IN/ON [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ] British

English to put your foot on or in something while you are walking

SYN step

tread in/on

Sorry, did I tread on your foot?

cha‧rade / ʃәˈrɑːd $ ʃәˈreɪd / noun

1 charades [ uncountable ] a game in which one person uses

actions and no words to show the meaning of a word or phrase,

and other people have to guess what it is

2 [ countable ] a situation in which people behave as though

something is true or serious, when it is not really true :

Unless more money is given to schools, all this talk of improving

education is just a charade.

37.

a word acted out in an episode of a game

| Sheila walked into the museum, under the stern gaze of the

curator.

harsh punishing or criticizing someone in a way that seems very

severe, often too severe : Don’t be too harsh on her – she’s only a

child.

38.

point out real or perceived flaws

| I wish you’d stop being so pig-headed! headstrong very

determined to do what you want, often without thinking about the

results of your actions – used especially about young people : As a

girl, she had been...

39.

habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition

damp 1 / dæmp / adjective 1 slightly wet, often in an unpleasant

way : Wipe the leather with a damp cloth. a cold, damp day ...

40.

slightly wet

41.

someone who collects things discarded by others

charade

criticize

headstrong

damp

scavenger

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...objects : There are people who live in the dump and scavenge

garbage for a living. scavenge for Women were scavenging for old

furniture. — scavenger noun [ countable ] : Foxes and other

scavengers go through the dustbins.

2 technical producing a bright light when heated :

the invention of the incandescent lamp

3 literary very bright :

incandescent flowers

— incandescence noun [ uncountable ]

per‧di‧tion / pәˈdɪʃ ә n $ pәr- / noun [ uncountable ] old use

1 punishment after death

2 complete destruction or failure :

an alcoholic on the road to perdition

42.

light emission by a body as its temperature is raised

chide / tʃaɪd / verb [ intransitive and transitive ] written

to tell someone that you do not approve of something that they

have done or said SYN scold :

‘Edward, you are naughty,’ Dorothy chided.

chide somebody for (doing) something

She chided him for not responding to her Christmas cards.

43.

censure severely or angrily

2 seeming to be false, dishonest, or not to be trusted :

One girl thought the men looked dodgy.

dodgy share dealings

3 involving risk or danger :

There were a few dodgy moments.

44.

deceptive or fraudulent

ex‧u‧be‧rant / ɪɡˈzjuːb ә rәnt $ ɪɡˈzuː- / adjective

1 happy and full of energy and excitement :

an exuberant personality

2 exuberant decorations, patterns etc are exciting and

complicated or colourful :

45.

joyously unrestrained

incandescence

chide

dishonest

exuberant

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exuberant carvings

— exuberance noun [ uncountable ] :

She needs to try and control her natural exuberance.

— exuberantly adverb

os‧ten‧si‧bly / ɒˈstensәbli, ɒˈstensɪbli $ ɑː- / adverb

if something is ostensibly true, people say that it is true but it is

not really true SYN supposedly :

She stayed behind at the office, ostensibly to work.

46.

from appearances alone

in‧trin‧sic / ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk / adjective

being part of the nature or character of someone or something

OPP extrinsic :

the intrinsic interest of the subject

intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something

There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it

more suitable for women.

intrinsic to

Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.

— intrinsically / -kli / adverb :

Science is seen as intrinsically good.

47.

belonging to a thing by its very nature

in‧trin‧sic / ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk / adjective

being part of the nature or character of someone or something

OPP extrinsic :

the intrinsic interest of the subject

intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something

There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it

more suitable for women.

intrinsic to

Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.

— intrinsically / -kli / adverb :

Science is seen as intrinsically good.

48.

not forming an essential part of a thing

49.

with respect to its inherent nature

ostensibly

intrinsic

extrinsic

intrinsically

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in‧trin‧sic / ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk / adjective

being part of the nature or character of someone or something

OPP extrinsic :

the intrinsic interest of the subject

intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something

There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it

more suitable for women.

intrinsic to

Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.

— intrinsically / -kli / adverb :

Science is seen as intrinsically good.

grot‧to / ˈɡrɒtәʊ $ ˈɡrɑːtoʊ / noun ( plural grottos or grottoes ) [

countable ]

a small attractive CAVE

de‧lir‧i‧ous / dɪˈlɪriәs / adjective

1 talking continuously in an excited or anxious way, especially

because you are ill :

He suffered an attack of malaria and was delirious.

50.

experiencing hallucinations

2 technical if animals such as cows ruminate, they bring food back

into their mouths from their stomachs and CHEW it again

— rumination / ˌruːmәˈneɪʃ ә n, ˌruːmɪˈneɪʃ ә n / noun [

uncountable and countable ]

51.

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

2 formal to cover an area with a large amount of water SYN flood :

The tidal wave inundated vast areas of cropland.

— inundation / ˌɪnәnˈdeɪʃ ә n / noun [ uncountable and countable

]

52.

an overwhelming number or amount

re‧con‧nais‧sance / rɪˈkɒnәs ә ns, rɪˈkɒnɪs ә ns $ rɪˈkɑː- / noun [

uncountable and countable ]

the military activity of sending soldiers and aircraft to find out

53.

the act of scouting

delirious

rumination

inundation

reconnaissance

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about the enemy’s forces :

reconnaissance aircraft

a reconnaissance mission

wartime roles such as observation and reconnaissance

per‧me‧ate / ˈpɜːmieɪt $ ˈpɜːr- / verb

1 [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive ] if liquid, gas

etc permeates something, it enters it and spreads through every

part of it :

The smell of diesel oil permeated the air.

permeate through/into

Rain permeates through the ground to add to ground water levels.

54.

an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil

thrall / θrɔːl $ θrɒːl / noun

in sb’s/sth’s thrall ( also in thrall to somebody/something ) literary

controlled or strongly influenced by someone or something :

We have a congress that is in thrall to special interest groups.

55.

the state of being under the control of another person

ru‧mi‧nate / ˈruːmәneɪt, ˈruːmɪneɪt / verb [ intransitive ]

1 formal to think carefully and deeply about something

ruminate on/over

He sat alone, ruminating on the injustice of the world.

56.

reflect deeply on a subject

sub‧ju‧gate / ˈsʌbdʒәɡeɪt, ˈsʌbdʒʊɡeɪt / verb [ transitive usually

passive ] formal

to defeat a person or group and make them obey you :

The native population was subjugated and exploited.

subjugated people/nation/country

subjugate somebody to somebody/something

Her own needs had been subjugated to (= not considered as

important as ) the needs of her family.

— subjugation / ˌsʌbdʒәˈɡeɪʃ ә n, ˌsʌbdʒʊˈɡeɪʃ ә n / noun [

uncountable ]

57.

make subservient; force to submit or subdue

diesel

thrall

ruminate

subjugate

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per‧pe‧tu‧i‧ty / ˌpɜːpәˈtjuːәti, ˌpɜːpɪˈtjuːәti $ ˌpɜːrpәˈtuː- / noun

in perpetuity law for all future time SYN forever :

The land had been promised to the Indian tribes in perpetuity.

58.

the property of being seemingly ceaseless

in‧cog‧ni‧to / ˌɪnkɒɡˈniːtәʊ $ ˌɪnkɑːɡˈniːtoʊ / adverb

if a famous person does something incognito, they do it without

letting people know who they are → disguise :

That night, Lenin travelled incognito to the party headquarters.

59.

without revealing one's identity

shud‧der 1 / ˈʃʌdә $ -әr / verb [ intransitive ]

1 to shake for a short time because you are afraid or cold, or

because you think something is very unpleasant :

Maria shuddered as she stepped outside.

shudder with

I shudder with embarrassment whenever I think about it.

shudder at

She shuddered at the thought that she could have been killed.

60.

tremble convulsively, as from fear or excitement

ram‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion / ˌræmәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌræmɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n / noun [

countable usually plural ] formal

an additional result of something you do, which may not have been

clear when you first decided to do it → implications , implication :

an agreement which was to have significant ramifications for

British politics

ramification of

the practical ramifications of taking on a new job

legal/political/economic etc ramifications

the environmental ramifications of the road-building program

61.

grammatical number category referring to two or more items

62.

any attire that conceals the wearer's identity

perpetuity

incognito

shudder

plural

disguise

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dis‧guise 1 / dɪsˈɡaɪz / verb [ transitive ]

1 to change someone’s appearance so that people cannot

recognize them

disguise yourself as somebody/something

Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and sneak in there.

| Make sure that the soil is moist.

clammy slightly wet and sticky, in an unpleasant way – used

especially about someone’s skin : His hands were cold and

clammy.

63.

unpleasantly cool and humid

con‧ceive / kәnˈsiːv / verb 1 [ intransitive and transitive ] formal to

imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a

particular way (cannot) conceive of (doing) something Many

people can’t conceive of a dinner without meat or fish. conceive

that He could not conceive that anything really serious could be...

64.

have the idea for

de‧mure / dɪˈmjʊә $ -ˈmjʊr / adjective

1 quiet, serious, and well-behaved – used especially about women

in the past :

Old photos of Maggie show her young and demure.

65.

affectedly shy especially in a playful or provocative way

o‧blit‧er‧ate / әˈblɪtәreɪt / verb [ transitive ]

1 to destroy something completely so that nothing remains :

Hiroshima was nearly obliterated by the atomic bomb.

66.

remove completely from recognition or memory

har‧bin‧ger / ˈhɑːbɪndʒә $ ˈhɑːrbɪndʒәr / noun [ countable ] literary

or formal

a sign that something is going to happen soon

67.

something indicating the approach of something or someone

clammy

conceive

demure

obliterate

harbinger

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harbinger of

These birds are considered to be harbingers of doom .

| Some dogs end up in totally unsuitable homes.

not appropriate/ inappropriate not suitable for a particular

situation or purpose – used especially about someone's behaviour

or language : Slang is not appropriate in an academic essay.

68.

not suitable for a particular occasion etc

ves‧tige / ˈvestɪdʒ / noun [ countable ] formal

1 a small part or amount of something that remains when most of

it no longer exists SYN trace

vestige of

The new law removed the last vestiges of royal power.

69.

an indication that something has been present

brusque / bruːsk, brʊsk $ brʌsk / adjective

using very few words, in a way that seems rude SYN abrupt :

a brusque manner

— brusquely adverb

— brusqueness noun [ uncountable ]

70.

marked by rude or peremptory shortness

...him to shreds. pan to strongly criticize a film, play etc in the

newspapers, on TV etc : Her first movie was panned by the critics.

be pilloried especially written to be strongly criticized by a lot of

people in the newspapers, on TV etc : He was pilloried in the right-

wing press. condemn to say...

71.

a wooden instrument of punishment on a post

THESAURUS

SEEMING TO BE DISHONEST

suspicious if someone or something seems suspicious, they make

72.

fraught with uncertainty or doubt

inappropriate

vestige

brusque

pillory

dubious

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you think that something dishonest or illegal is happening : The

police are treating the boy’s death as suspicious.

dubious if something seems dubious, you think it may not be

completely true, right, or honest : He has a rather dubious

reputation.

in‧tru‧sion / ɪnˈtruːʒ ә n / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

1 when someone does something, or something happens, that

affects your private life or activities in an unwanted way

intrusion into/on/upon

I resented this intrusion into my domestic affairs.

the unwelcome intrusion of the press

2 when something comes into a place or situation and has an

unwanted effect :

the intrusion of badly designed new buildings in the historic high

street

73.

entrance by force or without permission or welcome

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + EXPEDITION

a scientific expedition He led the first major British scientific

expedition to the Amazon.

an Arctic/Antarctic expedition I accompanied the explorer on one of

his Arctic expeditions.

a military expedition The generals decided to launch a military

expedition to the region.

a punitive expedition (= one an army undertakes to punish

someone ) The Afghan army mounted a punitive expedition

against the local militia groups.

74.

inflicting punishment

| He was dressed in a three-piece suit with an incongruous tie

shaped like a fish.

inconvenient an inconvenient place or time is not suitable and

causes problems for you : He always seems to call at inconvenient

times.

75.

not well timed

76.

the act of bending low with the limbs close to the body

intrusion

punitive

inconvenient

crouch

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crouch / kraʊtʃ / verb [ intransitive ]

1 ( also crouch down ) to lower your body close to the ground by

bending your knees completely → squat :

He crouched in the shadows near the doorway.

her‧ald 1 / ˈherәld / verb [ transitive ]

1 to be a sign of something that is going to come or happen soon :

A flash of lightning heralded torrential rain.

77.

relating to or resulting from the action of a downpour

...Politicians were quick to condemn the bombing. in‧ti‧mate 1 /

ˈɪntәmәt, ˈɪntɪmәt / adjective 1 RESTAURANT/MEAL/PLACE private

and friendly so that you feel comfortable : the intimate

atmosphere of a country pub an intimate meal for two The

collection has been moved from its intimate setting to the British

Museum.

78.

marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity

im‧pe‧tus / ˈɪmpәtәs, ˈɪmpɪtәs / noun [ uncountable ]

1 an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen

more quickly

impetus for

The report may provide further impetus for reform.

79.

a force that moves something along

ob‧sti‧nate / ˈɒbstәnәt, ˈɒbstɪnәt $ ˈɑːb- / adjective

1 determined not to change your ideas, behaviour, opinions etc,

even when other people think you are being unreasonable SYN

stubborn :

He was the most obstinate man I’ve ever met.

80.

marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield

in‧dom‧i‧ta‧ble / ɪnˈdɒmәtәb ә l, ɪnˈdɒmɪtәb ә l $ ɪnˈdɑː- / adjective

81.

impossible to subdue

torrential

intimate

impetus

obstinate

indomitable

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formal

having great determination or courage :

an indomitable old lady

indomitable spirit/will/courage etc

Alice was a woman of indomitable spirit.

in‧fal‧li‧ble / ɪnˈfælәb ә l, ɪnˈfælɪb ә l / adjective

1 always right and never making mistakes OPP fallible :

No expert is infallible.

an infallible memory

2 something that is infallible always works or has the intended

effect → fail-safe :

He had an infallible cure for a hangover.

— infallibly adverb

— infallibility / ɪnˌfælәˈbɪlәti, ɪnˌfælɪˈbɪlәti / noun [ uncountable ]

82.

incapable of failure or error

ex‧u‧be‧rant / ɪɡˈzjuːb ә rәnt $ ɪɡˈzuː- / adjective

1 happy and full of energy and excitement :

an exuberant personality

2 exuberant decorations, patterns etc are exciting and complicated

or colourful :

exuberant carvings

— exuberance noun [ uncountable ] :

She needs to try and control her natural exuberance.

— exuberantly adverb

83.

joyful enthusiasm

e‧bul‧li‧ent / ɪˈbʌliәnt, ɪˈbʊ- / adjective formal

very happy and excited :

My father is a naturally ebullient personality.

— ebullience noun [ uncountable ]

84.

joyously unrestrained

...hotel room while on drugs. obliterate formal to destroy a place so

completely that nothing remains : The nuclear blast obliterated

85.

the remains of something that has been destroyed

infallible

exuberance

ebullient

rubble

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most of Hiroshima. reduce something to ruins/ rubble/ashes to

destroy a building or town completely : The town was reduced to

rubble in the First World War. ruin to spoil something completely,

so that it cannot...

vile / vaɪl / adjective

1 informal extremely unpleasant or bad SYN horrible :

This coffee tastes really vile .

a vile smell

She has a vile temper .

86.

morally reprehensible

mon‧strous / ˈmɒnstrәs $ ˈmɑːn- / adjective

1 very wrong, immoral, or unfair :

It’s monstrous to charge that much for a hotel room.

87.

distorted and unnatural in shape or size

re‧gress / rɪˈɡres / verb [ intransitive ]

technical to go back to an earlier and worse condition, or to a less

developed way of behaving OPP progress :

The patient had regressed to a state of childish dependency.

88.

go back to a previous state

be‧lea‧guered / bɪˈliːɡәd $ -әrd / adjective [ usually before noun ]

formal

1 experiencing a lot of problems or criticism :

the country’s beleaguered steel industry

2 surrounded by an army :

Supplies are being brought into the beleaguered city.

89.

annoy persistently

...adjective COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES an old cliché He seemed to

believe that old cliché about a woman’s place being in the home. a

90.

so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness

vile

monstrous

regress

beleaguer

boring

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tired cliché (= boring because it has been used so often ) The story

is based on a series of tired clichés. a worn-out cliché (= very boring

) His writing is...

do‧cile / ˈdәʊsaɪl $ ˈdɑːs ә l / adjective

quiet and easily controlled :

Labradors are gentle, docile dogs.

— docilely adverb

— docility / dәʊˈsɪlәti, dәʊˈsɪlɪti $ dɑː- / noun [ uncountable ]

91.

easily handled or managed

...Her mother was a plump cheerful woman. flabby having soft

loose skin that looks unattractive : a flabby stomach | Her body

was getting old and flabby. portly literary fat and round – used

especially about fairly old men : The bishop was a portly middle-

aged gentleman.

92.

fairly fat

in‧tu‧i‧tion / ˌɪntjuˈɪʃ ә n $ -tu-, -tju- / noun

1 [ uncountable ] the ability to understand or know something

because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN

instinct :

feminine intuition

Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.

93.

instinctive knowing, without the use of rational processes

stern 1 / stɜːn $ stɜːrn / adjective

1 serious and strict, and showing strong disapproval of someone’s

behaviour :

sterner penalties for drug offences

stern look/voice/expression etc

‘Wait!’

94.

of a strict bearing or demeanor; forbidding in aspect

95.

strongly or vigorously

docile

portly

intuition

stern

strenuously

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2 active and determined :

Sherry’s been making a strenuous effort to lose weight.

— strenuously adverb :

Barrett strenuously denied rumors that he would resign.

| He was chewing on a cigar.

gnaw if an animal gnaws something, it bites it repeatedly : The dog

was in the yard gnawing on a bone.

nip somebody/give somebody a nip to give someone or something

a small sharp bite : When I took the hamster out of his cage, he

nipped me.

nibble to take a lot of small bites from something : A fish nibbled at

the bait.

96.

sever or remove by pinching

rev‧e‧rie / ˈrevәri / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

a state of imagining or thinking about pleasant things, that is like

dreaming → daydream :

She was startled out of her reverie by a loud crash.

97.

an abstracted state of absorption

...ә n / noun [ countable ] something that you imagine you can see,

especially the spirit of a dead person : He stared at the strange

apparition before him. a ghostly apparition of a man

THESAURUS ghost the spirit of a dead person that some people

think they can feel or see in...

98.

a ghostly appearing figure

...) The committee unanimously condemned the idea.

vehemently/vigorously/fiercely condemn something/somebody (= in

a very strong or angry way ) The educational reforms were

vehemently condemned by teachers. utterly/ unequivocally

condemn something/somebody (= very definitely and with no

doubts ) We utterly condemn any acts of violence.

99.

in an unambiguous manner

nip

reverie

apparition

unequivocally

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| It all sounds highly dubious to me. | the country’s dubious record

on human rights shady shady business deals or people seem to be

dishonest or connected with secret and illegal activities : Several

senior members of the party had been involved in shady deals....

100.

sheltered from the sun's rays

gim‧mick / ˈɡɪmɪk / noun [ countable ] informal

a trick or something unusual that you do to make people notice

someone or something – used to show disapproval → stunt :

advertising gimmicks

— gimmicky adjective

— gimmickry noun [ uncountable ]

101.

any clever maneuver

con‧strue / kәnˈstruː / verb [ transitive usually in passive ]

to understand a remark or action in a particular way →

misconstrue

construe something as something

comments that could be construed as sexist

The term can be construed in two different ways.

102.

make sense of; assign a meaning to

2 formal a large flood, or period when there is a lot of rain SYN

flood

im‧per‧tur‧ba‧ble / ˌɪmpәˈtɜːbәb ә l $ -pәrˈtɜːr- / adjective

remaining calm and unworried in spite of problems or difficulties

SYN unflappable

— imperturbably adverb

— imperturbability / ˌɪmpәtɜːbәˈbɪlәti, ˌɪmpәtɜːbәˈbɪlɪti $ -pәrtɜːr- /noun [ uncountable ]

103.

marked by extreme calm and composure

em‧pir‧i‧cal / ɪmˈpɪrɪk ә l / adjective [ only before noun ]

104.

derived from experiment and observation rather than theory

shady

gimmick

construe

imperturbable

empirical

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based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas OPP

theoretical , hypothetical :

empirical evidence

— empirically / -kli / adverb

er‧u‧dite / ˈerәdaɪt, ˈerʊdaɪt / adjective

showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study SYN learned

— eruditely adverb

— erudition / ˌerәˈdɪʃ ә n, ˌerʊˈdɪʃ ә n / noun [ uncountable ]

105.

having or showing profound knowledge

aes‧thet‧ic 1 , esthetic / iːsˈθetɪk, es- $ es- / adjective

connected with beauty and the study of beauty :

From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design.

a work of great aesthetic appeal

— aesthetically / -kli / adverb :

aesthetically pleasing

106.

characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste

im‧bibe / ɪmˈbaɪb / verb [ intransitive and transitive ] formal

1 to drink something, especially alcohol – sometimes used

humorously :

Both men imbibed considerable quantities of gin.

107.

take in liquids

Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant.

— nonchalance noun [ uncountable ]

— nonchalantly adverb :

He smiled nonchalantly.

108.

the trait of remaining calm and seeming not to care

im‧bue / ɪmˈbjuː / verb

imbue somebody/something with something phrasal verb formal

109.

spread or diffuse through

erudite

aesthetic

imbibe

nonchalance

imbue

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to make someone or something have a quality, idea, or emotion

very strongly :

His philosophical writings are imbued with religious belief.

in‧ cog‧ni‧to / ˌɪnkɒɡˈniːtәʊ $ ˌɪnkɑːɡˈniːtoʊ / adverb

if a famous person does something incognito, they do it without

letting people know who they are → disguise :

That night, Lenin travelled incognito to the party headquarters.

110.

tooth on the rim of gear wheel

ob‧sti‧nate / ˈɒbstәnәt, ˈɒbstɪnәt $ ˈɑːb- / adjective

1 determined not to change your ideas, behaviour, opinions etc,

even when other people think you are being unreasonable SYN

stubborn :

He was the most obstinate man I’ve ever met.

111.

tenaciously unwilling to yield

con‧strue / kәnˈstruː / verb [ transitive usually in passive ]

to understand a remark or action in a particular way →

misconstrue

construe something as something

comments that could be construed as sexist

The term can be construed in two different ways.

112.

interpret in the wrong way

mor‧ti‧fied / ˈmɔːtәfaɪd, ˈmɔːtɪfaɪd $ ˈmɔːr- / adjective

extremely offended, ashamed, or embarrassed

mortified to hear/find etc

Nora was mortified to discover that her daughter had been out

drinking.

— mortification / ˌmɔːtәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌmɔːtɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n $ ˌmɔːr- / noun [

uncountable ]

113.

made to feel uncomfortable because of shame or wounded pride

114.

so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe

cog

stubborn

misconstrue

mortified

prodigious

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pro‧di‧gious / prәˈdɪdʒәs / adjective [ usually before noun ]

very large or great in a surprising or impressive way

prodigious amounts/quantities of something

Some galaxies seem to release prodigious amounts of energy.

the artist’s prodigious output

— prodigiously adverb

yob / jɒb $ jɑːb / ( also yob‧bo / ˈjɒbәʊ $ ˈjɑːboʊ / ) noun [

countable ] British English

a rude noisy and sometimes violent young man SYN lout :

drunken yobbos

115.

an awkward stupid person

so‧nor‧ous / ˈsɒnәrәs, sәˈnɔːrәs $ sәˈnɔːrәs, ˈsɑːnәrәs / adjective

literary

having a pleasantly deep loud sound :

a sonorous voice

— sonorously adverb

116.

full and loud and deep

| The plane crashed into a suburb of Paris, demolishing several

buildings.

flatten to destroy a building or town by knocking it down, bombing

it etc, so that nothing is left standing : The town centre was flattened

by a 500 lb bomb.

wreck to deliberately damage something very badly, especially a

room or building : The toilets had been wrecked by vandals.

117.

someone who willfully destroys or defaces property

grot‧to / ˈɡrɒtәʊ $ ˈɡrɑːtoʊ / noun ( plural grottos or grottoes ) [

countable ]

a small attractive CAVE

de‧lir‧i‧ous / dɪˈlɪriәs / adjective

1 talking continuously in an excited or anxious way, especially

because you are ill :

He suffered an attack of malaria and was delirious.

118.

a small cave, usually with attractive features

lout

sonorous

vandal

grotto

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...very difficult to understand ir‧i‧des‧cent / ˌɪrәˈdes ә nt◂, ˌɪrɪˈdes ә

nt◂ / adjective formal showing colours that seem to change in

different lights : small iridescent blue flies — iridescence noun [

uncountable ] e‧lon‧gate / ˈiːlɒŋɡeɪt $ ɪˈlɒːŋ- / verb [ intransitive and

transitive ] to become longer, or make something...

119.

varying in color when seen in different lights

slen‧der / ˈslendә $ -әr / adjective

1 thin in an attractive or graceful way SYN slim :

She is slender and stylish.

120.

having little width in proportion to the length or height

| The country’s economy has been devastated by years of fighting.

demolish to completely destroy a building, either deliberately or by

accident : The original 15th century house was demolished in

Victorian times.

121.

destroy completely

dim‧i‧nu‧tion / ˌdɪmәˈnjuːʃ ә n, ˌdɪmɪˈnjuːʃ ә n $ -ˈnuː- / noun [

uncountable and countable ] formal

a reduction in the size, number, or amount of something

diminution of/in

a diminution in value

122.

change toward something smaller or lower

brusque / bruːsk, brʊsk $ brʌsk / adjective

using very few words, in a way that seems rude SYN abrupt :

a brusque manner

— brusquely adverb

— brusqueness noun [ uncountable ]

123.

in a blunt direct manner

iridescent

slender

demolish

diminution

brusquely

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‘That’s none of your business.’

sur‧rep‧ti‧tious / ˌsʌrәpˈtɪʃәs◂ $ ˌsɜː- / adjective

done secretly or quickly because you do not want other people to

notice :

Rory tried to sneak a surreptitious glance at Adam’s wristwatch.

— surreptitiously adverb

— surreptitiousness noun [ uncountable ]

124.

in a secretive manner

...to political tensions. [ sentence adverb ] Inevitably, the situation

did not please everyone. en‧vy 1 / ˈenvi / verb ( past tense and past

participle envied , present participle envying , third person

singular envies ) [ transitive ] 1 to wish that you had someone else’s

possessions, abilities etc : I really...

125.

a desire to have something that is possessed by another

Large is more common than big in written English : My father was a

big man. | two large ladies obese extremely fat in a way that is

dangerous to your health : He went to a summer camp for obese

teenagers. chubby slightly fat in a nice-looking way...

126.

excessively fat

in‧de‧fat‧i‧ga‧ble / ˌɪndɪˈfætɪɡәb ә l / adjective formal

determined and never giving up SYN tireless :

an indefatigable campaigner for human rights

— indefatigably adverb

e‧nig‧ma / ɪˈnɪɡmә / noun [ countable ]

someone or something that is strange and difficult to understand

SYN mystery :

The neighbours regarded him as something of an enigma.

127.

showing sustained enthusiasm with unflagging vitality

COLLOCATIONS

128.

collect or look around for, as food

surreptitiously

envy

obese

indefatigable

forage

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Meaning 2

NOUN + EXPEDITION

a shopping expedition (= when you go shopping ) I took Mary and

the kids on a shopping expedition into Manchester.

a fishing expedition We’re organizing a fishing expedition to the lake

for next week.

a hunting expedition He was joined on his hunting expedition by

two local guides.

a foraging expedition (= when you search for food ) On our

foraging expedition into the woods, we found mushrooms and

wild berries.

in‧fal‧li‧ble / ɪnˈfælәb ә l, ɪnˈfælɪb ә l / adjective

1 always right and never making mistakes OPP fallible :

No expert is infallible.

an infallible memory

2 something that is infallible always works or has the intended

effect → fail-safe :

He had an infallible cure for a hangover.

— infallibly adverb

— infallibility / ɪnˌfælәˈbɪlәti, ɪnˌfælɪˈbɪlәti / noun [ uncountable ]

129.

the quality of never making an error

in‧hale / ɪnˈheɪl / verb [ intransitive and transitive ]

to breathe in air, smoke, or gas OPP exhale :

It is dangerous to inhale ammonia fumes.

130.

draw deep into the lungs in by breathing

sub‧ju‧gate / ˈsʌbdʒәɡeɪt, ˈsʌbdʒʊɡeɪt / verb [ transitive usually

passive ] formal

to defeat a person or group and make them obey you :

The native population was subjugated and exploited.

subjugated people/nation/country

subjugate somebody to somebody/something

Her own needs had been subjugated to (= not considered as

important as ) the needs of her family.

— subjugation / ˌsʌbdʒәˈɡeɪʃ ә n, ˌsʌbdʒʊˈɡeɪʃ ә n / noun [

uncountable ]

131.

forced submission to control by others

infallibility

inhale

subjugation

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con‧trived / kәnˈtraɪvd / adjective

seeming false and not natural :

The characters are as contrived as the plot.

132.

showing effects of planning or manipulation

stren‧u‧ous / ˈstrenjuәs / adjective

1 needing a lot of effort or strength :

a strenuous climb

The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.

133.

taxing to the utmost; testing powers of endurance

un‧du‧late / ˈʌndjәleɪt, ˈʌndjʊleɪt $ -dʒә- / verb [ intransitive ]

formal to move or be shaped like waves that are rising and falling :

undulating hills

— undulation / ˌʌndjәˈleɪʃ ә n, ˌʌndjʊˈleɪʃ ә n $ -dʒә- / noun [

uncountable and countable ]

134.

wavelike motion

...condemn something/somebody Army officers openly condemned

the war. unanimously condemn something/somebody (= with the

agreement of all the people involved ) The committee unanimously

condemned the idea. vehemently/vigorously/fiercely condemn

something/somebody (= in a very strong or angry way ) The

educational reforms were vehemently condemned by teachers.

utterly/unequivocally condemn something/somebody (= very

definitely and with no...

135.

in a fierce manner

...actions – used especially about young people : As a girl, she had

been lively and headstrong. | the headstrong impulsiveness of

youth wilful British English ( also willful American English ) doing

what you want, even after you have been told to stop, or when you

know that it is wrong – used especially about children :...

136.

done by design

contrived

strenuous

undulation

vehemently

willful

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in‧vi‧o‧la‧ble / ɪnˈvaɪәlәb ә l / adjective formal

an inviolable right, law, principle etc is extremely important and

should be treated with respect and not broken or removed

— inviolability / ɪnˌvaɪәlәˈbɪlәti, ɪnˌvaɪәlәˈbɪlɪti / noun [ uncountable ]

:

the inviolability of the country’s borders

137.

incapable of being transgressed or dishonored

er‧u‧dite / ˈerәdaɪt, ˈerʊdaɪt / adjective

showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study SYN learned

— eruditely adverb

— erudition / ˌerәˈdɪʃ ә n, ˌerʊˈdɪʃ ә n / noun [ uncountable ]

138.

profound scholarly knowledge

sul‧len / ˈsʌlәn / adjective

1 angry and silent, especially because you feel life has been unfair

to you → morose :

Bill sat in sullen silence and refused to eat his lunch.

a look of sullen resentment

2 literary a sullen sky or sea is dark and looks as if bad weather is

coming SYN overcast

— sullenly adverb

— sullenness noun [ uncountable ]

139.

showing a brooding ill humor

de‧lude / dɪˈluːd / verb [ transitive ]

to make someone believe something that is not true SYN deceive :

I was angry with him for trying to delude me.

delude somebody/yourself into doing something

It is easy to delude yourself into believing you’re in love.

140.

be dishonest with

141.

resembling or characteristic of a phantom

inviolable

erudition

sullen

delude

ghostly

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...countable ] something that you imagine you can see, especially

the spirit of a dead person : He stared at the strange apparition

before him. a ghostly apparition of a man THESAURUS ghost the

spirit of a dead person that some people think they can feel or see

in a place : His ghost...

her‧ald 1 / ˈherәld / verb [ transitive ]

1 to be a sign of something that is going to come or happen soon :

A flash of lightning heralded torrential rain.

142.

(formal) a person who announces important news

| The twin towers were destroyed in a terrorist attack.

devastate to damage a large area very badly and destroy many

things in it : Allied bombings in 1943 devastated the city.

143.

cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

ru‧di‧men‧ta‧ry / ˌruːdәˈment ә ri◂, ˌruːdɪˈment ә ri◂ / adjective

1 a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very

simple and basic OPP sophisticated :

Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.

my rudimentary German

2 rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic and

not advanced :

subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form

The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.

144.

the state of existing in reality; having substance

2 tread carefully/ warily/cautiously etc to be very careful about

what you say or do in a difficult situation :

If I wanted to keep my job, I knew I’d have to tread lightly.

145.

in a manner marked by keen caution and watchful prudence

del‧uge 1 / ˈdeljuːdʒ / noun [ countable ]

146.

a heavy rain

herald

devastate

subsistence

warily

deluge

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1 [ usually singular ] a large amount of something such as letters or

questions that someone gets at the same time SYN flood

deluge of

Viewers sent a deluge of complaints about the show.

| I wonder who dreamt up that idea!

devise formal to invent a way of doing something, especially one

that is clever or complicated : This system was devised as a way of

measuring students’ progress.

conceive formal to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in

your mind : The project was originally conceived by a Dutch

businessman two years ago.

147.

a will disposing of real property

‘That’s none of your business.’

sur‧rep‧ti‧tious / ˌsʌrәpˈtɪʃәs◂ $ ˌsɜː- / adjective

done secretly or quickly because you do not want other people to

notice :

Rory tried to sneak a surreptitious glance at Adam’s wristwatch.

— surreptitiously adverb

— surreptitiousness noun [ uncountable ]

148.

marked by quiet and caution and secrecy

em‧pir‧i‧cal / ɪmˈpɪrɪk ә l / adjective [ only before noun ]

based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas OPP

theoretical , hypothetical :

empirical evidence

— empirically / -kli / adverb

149.

a conjectural possibility or circumstance

2 technical producing a bright light when heated :

the invention of the incandescent lamp

3 literary very bright :

incandescent flowers

— incandescence noun [ uncountable ]

per‧di‧tion / pәˈdɪʃ ә n $ pәr- / noun [ uncountable ] old use

150.

the place or state in which one suffers eternal punishment

devise

surreptitious

hypothetical

perdition

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1 punishment after death

2 complete destruction or failure :

an alcoholic on the road to perdition

ram‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion / ˌræmәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌræmɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n / noun [

countable usually plural ] formal

an additional result of something you do, which may not have been

clear when you first decided to do it → implications , implication

:

an agreement which was to have significant ramifications for

British politics

ramification of

the practical ramifications of taking on a new job

legal/political/economic etc ramifications

the environmental ramifications of the road-building program

151.

something that is inferred

4 peaches and cream used to describe skin that is an attractive

pink colour :

a peaches and cream complexion

152.

pleasing to the eye or mind as through beauty or charm

sub‧ju‧gate / ˈsʌbdʒәɡeɪt, ˈsʌbdʒʊɡeɪt / verb [ transitive usually

passive ] formal

to defeat a person or group and make them obey you :

The native population was subjugated and exploited.

subjugated people/nation/country

subjugate somebody to somebody/something

Her own needs had been subjugated to (= not considered as

important as ) the needs of her family.

— subjugation / ˌsʌbdʒәˈɡeɪʃ ә n, ˌsʌbdʒʊˈɡeɪʃ ә n / noun [

uncountable ]

153.

developed or used to greatest advantage

ex‧u‧be‧ rant / ɪɡˈzjuːb ә rәnt $ ɪɡˈzuː- / adjective

1 happy and full of energy and excitement :

154.

talk in a noisy, excited, or declamatory manner

implication

attractive

exploited

rant

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an exuberant personality

2 exuberant decorations, patterns etc are exciting and complicated

or colourful :

exuberant carvings

— exuberance noun [ uncountable ] :

She needs to try and control her natural exuberance.

— exuberantly adverb

por‧ridge / ˈpɒrɪdʒ $ ˈpɑː-, ˈpɔː- / noun [ uncountable ]

1 OATS that are cooked with milk or water and served hot for

breakfast SYN oatmeal American English

2 British English informal a period of time spent in prison

do porridge (= spend time in prison )

155.

soft food made by boiling meal or legumes in water or milk

em‧bark / ɪmˈbɑːk $ -ɑːrk / verb [ intransitive and transitive ]

to go onto a ship or a plane, or to put or take something onto a

ship or plane OPP disembark

— embarkation / ˌembɑːˈkeɪʃәn $ -bɑːr- / noun [ uncountable and

countable ]

embark on/upon something phrasal verb

to start something, especially something new, difficult, or exciting :

He embarked on a new career as a teacher.

156.

go ashore

...expedition ( also embark on an expedition formal ) (= leave at the

start of an expedition ) Trent set off on an expedition to collect

plants with fellow botanical students. mount/launch an expedition

(= plan, organize, and begin an expedition ) Ornithologists are

mounting an expedition to the island in order to study the birds.

157.

of or relating to plants

ru‧di‧men‧ta‧ry / ˌruːdәˈment ә ri◂, ˌruːdɪˈment ә ri◂ / adjective

1 a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very

simple and basic OPP sophisticated :

Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.

158.

having worldly knowledge and refinement

porridge

disembark

botanical

sophisticated

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my rudimentary German

2 rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic and

not advanced :

subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form

The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.

knack‧ered / ˈnækәd $ -әrd / adjective British English spoken

informal

1 extremely tired SYN exhausted

2 too old or broken to use SYN clapped-out British English :

a knackered old bike

THESAURUS

tired feeling that you want to sleep or rest : I was really tired the

next day. | the tired faces of the children

exhausted extremely tired : I was exhausted after the long trip

home.

159.

depleted of energy, force, or strength

| He was chomping away on big slice of toast.

sting if an insect stings you, it makes a very small hole in your

skin.

160.

deliver a sudden pain to

| Sheila walked into the museum, under the stern gaze of the

curator.

harsh punishing or criticizing someone in a way that seems very

severe, often too severe : Don’t be too harsh on her – she’s only a

child.

161.

the custodian of a collection, as a museum or library

whilst / waɪlst / conjunction British English formal

WHILE

THESAURUS

while during the time that you are doing something, or something

is happening : I bought a magazine while I was waiting for the

train.

162.

the state of being joined together

exhausted

sting

curator

conjunction

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Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant.

— nonchalance noun [ uncountable ]

— nonchalantly adverb :

He smiled nonchalantly.

163.

marked by blithe unconcern

sul‧len / ˈsʌlәn / adjective

1 angry and silent, especially because you feel life has been unfair

to you → morose :

Bill sat in sullen silence and refused to eat his lunch.

a look of sullen resentment

2 literary a sullen sky or sea is dark and looks as if bad weather is

coming SYN overcast

— sullenly adverb

— sullenness noun [ uncountable ]

164.

showing a brooding ill humor

2 evil or immoral :

a vile act of betrayal

— vilely adverb

— vileness noun [ uncountable ]

165.

the quality of aiding an enemy

...poltergeist that makes things move around all by themselves,

sometimes quite big things like beds or wardrobes. spook informal

a ghost : I’m not scared of spooks. phantom literary a frightening

and unclear image of a dead person : They had seen phantoms

gliding on the surface of the water. spectre British English , specter

American...

166.

something existing in perception only

in‧un‧date / ˈɪnәndeɪt / verb [ transitive ]

1 be inundated (with/by something) to receive so much of

167.

low land that is seasonally flooded

nonchalant

morose

betrayal

phantom

swamp

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something that you cannot easily deal with it all SYN swamp :

After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more

information.

dis‧guise 1 / dɪsˈɡaɪz / verb [ transitive ]

1 to change someone’s appearance so that people cannot

recognize them

disguise yourself as somebody/something

Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and sneak in there.

168.

to go stealthily or furtively

sul‧len / ˈsʌlәn / adjective

1 angry and silent, especially because you feel life has been unfair

to you → morose :

Bill sat in sullen silence and refused to eat his lunch.

a look of sullen resentment

2 literary a sullen sky or sea is dark and looks as if bad weather is

coming SYN overcast

— sullenly adverb

— sullenness noun [ uncountable ]

169.

in a manner showing a brooding ill humor

un‧du‧late / ˈʌndjәleɪt, ˈʌndjʊleɪt $ -dʒә- / verb [ intransitive ]

formal to move or be shaped like waves that are rising and falling :

undulating hills

— undulation / ˌʌndjәˈleɪʃ ә n, ˌʌndjʊˈleɪʃ ә n $ -dʒә- / noun [

uncountable and countable ]

170.

move in a wavy pattern or with a rising and falling motion

mor‧ti‧fied / ˈmɔːtәfaɪd, ˈmɔːtɪfaɪd $ ˈmɔːr- / adjective

extremely offended, ashamed, or embarrassed

mortified to hear/find etc

Nora was mortified to discover that her daughter had been out

drinking.

— mortification / ˌmɔːtәfәˈkeɪʃ ә n, ˌmɔːtɪfәˈkeɪʃ ә n $ ˌmɔːr- / noun

[ uncountable ]

171.

strong feelings of embarrassment

sneak

sullenly

undulate

mortification

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| The plane crashed into a suburb of Paris, demolishing several

buildings.

flatten to destroy a building or town by knocking it down, bombing

it etc, so that nothing is left standing : The town centre was flattened

by a 500 lb bomb.

wreck to deliberately damage something very badly, especially a

room or building : The toilets had been wrecked by vandals.

172.

something or someone that has suffered ruin or dilapidation

| Soldiers had camouflaged the trucks with branches and dirt.

obscure literary to make it difficult to see something clearly : The

view was obscured by mist.

173.

not clearly understood or expressed

im‧pal‧pa‧ble / ɪmˈpælpәb ә l / adjective formal 1 impossible to

touch or feel physically OPP palpable 2 very difficult to understand

ir‧i‧des‧cent / ˌɪrәˈdes ә nt◂, ˌɪrɪˈdes ә nt◂ / adjective formal showing

colours that seem to change in different lights :...

174.

capable of being perceived

in‧fal‧li‧ble / ɪnˈfælәb ә l, ɪnˈfælɪb ә l / adjective

1 always right and never making mistakes OPP fallible :

No expert is infallible.

an infallible memory

2 something that is infallible always works or has the intended

effect → fail-safe :

He had an infallible cure for a hangover.

— infallibly adverb

— infallibility / ɪnˌfælәˈbɪlәti, ɪnˌfælɪˈbɪlәti / noun [ uncountable ]

175.

wanting in moral strength, courage, or will

Also used when talking about hiding your feelings, especially in

negative sentences : Several kilos of drugs were concealed in the

176.

not accessible to view

wreck

obscure

palpable

fallible

concealed

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back of the truck.

...condemn something/somebody Army officers openly condemned

the war. unanimously condemn something/somebody (= with the

agreement of all the people involved ) The committee unanimously

condemned the idea. vehemently/ vigorously/fiercely condemn

something/somebody (= in a very strong or angry way ) The

educational reforms were vehemently condemned by teachers.

utterly/unequivocally condemn something/somebody (= very

definitely and with no...

177.

in an energetic manner

3 to include different areas of activity, groups, time etc :

Her research straddles mathematics and social sciences.

immigrants straddling two cultures

178.

a person who comes to a country in order to settle there

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + EXPEDITION

a scientific expedition He led the first major British scientific

expedition to the Amazon.

an Arctic/Antarctic expedition I accompanied the explorer on one of

his Arctic expeditions.

a military expedition The generals decided to launch a military

expedition to the region.

a punitive expedition (= one an army undertakes to punish

someone ) The Afghan army mounted a punitive expedition against

the local militia groups.

179.

civilians trained as soldiers, not part of the regular army

| The actress put up a hand to hide her face from the cameras.

conceal formal to hide something, especially by carefully putting it

somewhere.

180.

prevent from being seen or discovered

181.

an unpleasant or disastrous destiny

vigorously

immigrant

militia

conceal

doom

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har‧bin‧ger / ˈhɑːbɪndʒә $ ˈhɑːrbɪndʒәr / noun [ countable ] literary

or formal

a sign that something is going to happen soon

harbinger of

These birds are considered to be harbingers of doom .

stu‧pen‧dous / stjuːˈpendәs $ stuː- / adjective

surprisingly large or impressive SYN magnificent :

a stupendous achievement

— stupendously adverb

182.

characterized by grandeur

...as a result of careful study or a lot of experience : his intimate

knowledge of the coal industry 4 PRIVATE relating to very private or

personal matters : the publication of intimate details of their affair

5 SEX formal a) relating to sex : The virus can only be transmitted

through intimate...

183.

that which has mass and occupies space

in‧tu‧i‧tion / ˌɪntjuˈɪʃ ә n $ -tu-, -tju- / noun

1 [ uncountable ] the ability to understand or know something

because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN

instinct :

feminine intuition

Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.

184.

think about carefully; weigh

rep‧er‧toire / ˈrepәtwɑː $ -pәrtwɑːr / noun [ countable usually

singular ]

1 all the plays, pieces of music etc that a performer or group knows

and can perform

in sb’s repertoire

The group include some techno in their repertoire.

repertoire of

a wide repertoire of songs

2 the total number of things that someone or something is able to

185.

having the necessary means or skill to do something

magnificent

matter

consider

able

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do :

the behavioural repertoire of infants

2 the smallest possible amount of a quality or feeling

vestige of

There’s not a vestige of truth in the story.

186.

capable of happening or existing

...about a person or place that you knew well, or an event that you

experienced in‧ev‧i‧ta‧bly / ɪˈnevәtәbli, ɪˈnevɪtәbli / adverb used for

saying that something is certain to happen and cannot be avoided

: The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions. [ sentence

adverb ] Inevitably, the situation did not please everyone....

187.

established beyond doubt or question; definitely known

possible

certain