Chapter 2 The History of Management - Orange Coast...
Transcript of Chapter 2 The History of Management - Orange Coast...
1Copyright ©2011 by Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
Chapter 2 The History of Management
Designed & Prepared byB-books, Ltd.
MGMT3
Chuck Williams
2Copyright ©2011 by Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
In the Beginning
After reading the next section, you should be able to:
1. explain the origins of management.
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Management Ideas and Practice Throughout History
1.11.1
5000 BCE5000 BCE
4000-2000 BCE4000-2000 BCE
1800 BCE1800 BCE
600 BCE600 BCE
500 BCE500 BCE
400 BCE400 BCE
400 BCE400 BCE
175175
284284
900900
11001100
14181418
14361436
15001500
15251525
SumeriansSumerians
Egyptians Planning, organizing, controlling. Egyptians Planning, organizing, controlling.
HammurabiHammurabi
NebuchadnezzarNebuchadnezzar
Sun TzuSun Tzu
XenophonXenophon
CyrusCyrus
CatoCato
DiocletianDiocletian
AlfarabiAlfarabi
GhazaliGhazali
BarbarigoBarbarigo
VenetiansVenetians
Sir Thomas MoreSir Thomas More
MachiavelliMachiavelli
Record keepingRecord keeping
Plan, organize, control. Written requests.Plan, organize, control. Written requests.
Controls and written documentationControls and written documentation
Wage incentives, production controlWage incentives, production control
StrategyStrategy
Management as a separate artManagement as a separate art
Human relations and motion studyHuman relations and motion study
Job descriptionsJob descriptions
Delegation of authorityDelegation of authority
Listed leadership traitsListed leadership traits
Listed managerial traitsListed managerial traits
Different organizational forms/structuresDifferent organizational forms/structures
Numbering, standardization, interchangeabilityNumbering, standardization, interchangeability
Critical of poor management and leadershipCritical of poor management and leadership
Cohesiveness, power, and leadershipCohesiveness, power, and leadership
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Why We Need Managers Today
Work in familiesWork in families
Skilled laborersSkilled laborers
Small, self-organizedgroupsSmall, self-organizedgroups
Unique, small batchesof productionUnique, small batchesof production
ThenThenThen
Work in factoriesWork in factories
Specialized,unskilled laborersSpecialized,unskilled laborers
Large factoriesLarge factories
Large standardizedmass productionLarge standardizedmass production
NowNowNow
1.21.2
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The Evolution of Management
After reading the next four sections, you should be able to:
2. explain the history of scientific management.
3. discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management.
4. explain the history of human relations management.
5. discuss the history of operations, information systems, and contingency management.
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The History of
Scientific Management
22
Scientific Management
� Studies and tests methods to identifythe best, most efficient ways
Scientific Management
� Studies and tests methods to identifythe best, most efficient ways
“Seat-of-the Pants” Management
� No standardization of procedures
� No follow-up on improvements
“Seat-of-the Pants” Management
� No standardization of procedures
� No follow-up on improvements
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Frederick W. TaylorFrederick Taylor is known today as the father of scientific management. One of his many contributions to modern management is the common practice of giving employees rest breaks throughout the day.
2.12.1
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Taylor’s Four Management Principles
2.12.1
Develop a science for each element of a man’s work,which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method.Develop a science for each element of a man’s work,which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method.
Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman.
Cooperate with the men to insure all work is done i naccordance with the principles of the science.Cooperate with the men to insure all work is done i naccordance with the principles of the science.
There is almost equal division of the work and theresponsibility between management and workmen.There is almost equal division of the work and theresponsibility between management and workmen.
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Beyond the BookThe Boston Consulting Group and Best Practices
• A recent study by the Boston Consulting Group seems to reaffirm Taylor’s theories about best practices.
• Teams in the BCG study found that when they limited the hours that employees could work, productivity increase.
• Teams had to communicate better, collaborate better, plan ahead, and streamline work.
• Limiting time on the clock can help workers evaluate their processes and find ways to work more efficiently.
Source: S. Baker, “Timken Plots a Rust Belt Resurgence”, Business Week, 26 October 2009. 58.
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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
2.22.2
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were prolific researchers and often used their family as guinea pigs. Their work is the subject of Cheaper by the Dozen, written by their son and daughter.
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Motion Studies: Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
2.22.2
Time Study
Timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs.
Motion Study
Breaking each task into its separatemotions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive.
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The History of
Bureaucratic Management
3.13.1
Bureaucracy
The exercise of control on the basis ofknowledge, expertise, or experience.
Max Weber, 1864-1920
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The Aim of Bureaucracy
3.13.1
1. Qualification-based hiring1. Qualification-based hiring
2. Merit-based promotion2. Merit-based promotion
3. Chain of command3. Chain of command
4. Division of labor4. Division of labor
5. Impartial application of rules and procedures5. Impartial application of rules and procedures
6. Recorded in writing6. Recorded in writing
7. Managers separate from owners7. Managers separate from owners
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Administrative Management: Henri Fayol
3.23.2
1. Division of work1. Division of work
2. Authority and responsibility
2. Authority and responsibility
3. Discipline3. Discipline
4. Unity of command4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction 5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination ofindividual interests
6. Subordination ofindividual interests
7. Remuneration7. Remuneration
8. Centralization8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain9. Scalar chain
10. Order10. Order
11. Equity11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
13. Initiative13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps14. Esprit de corps
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44
The History of
Human Relations Management
Efficiency alone is not enough to produce organizational success.
Success also depends on treating workers well.
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Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker Follett is known today as the mother of scientific management. Her many contributions to modern management include the ideas of negotiation, conflict resolution, and power sharing.
4.14.1
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4.14.1
Constructive Conflict and Coordination: Mary Parker Follett
Dealing withConflict
Dealing withDealing withConflictConflict CompromiseCompromise
DominationDomination
IntegrationIntegration
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4.24.2
Hawthorne Studies: Elton Mayo
• Workers’ feelings and attitudes affected their work
• Financial incentives weren’t the most important motivator for workers
• Group norms and behavior play a critical role in behavior at work
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Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority: Chester Barnard
Managers can gain cooperation by:
� Securing essential services from individuals
� Unifying people by clearly formulating an organization’s purpose and objectives
� Providing a system of effective communication
4.34.3
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4.34.3
Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority: Chester Barnard
People will be indifferent to managerial directives if they…
� are understood
� are consistent with the purpose of the organization
� are compatible with the people’s personal interests
� can actually be carried out by those people
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55
Operations, Information, Systems, and Contingency Management
Information ManagementInformation Management
Operations ManagementOperations Management
Contingency ManagementContingency Management
Systems ManagementSystems Management
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5.15.1
Operations Management Tools
Quality controlQuality control
Forecasting techniquesForecasting techniques
Capacity planningCapacity planning
Productivity measurement and improvement Productivity measurement and improvement
Linear programmingLinear programming
Scheduling systemsScheduling systems
Inventory systemsInventory systems
Work measurement techniquesWork measurement techniques
Project managementProject management
Cost-benefit analysisCost-benefit analysis
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Operations Management Tools
Origins ofOperations
Management
Origins ofOrigins ofOperationsOperations
ManagementManagementGeometryGeometry
GunsGuns
FireFire
5.15.1
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Whitney, Monge, and OldsEli Whitney, 1765-1825
Gaspard Monge, 1746-1818
Ransom Olds, 1864-1950
5.15.1
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5.25.2
Information ManagementMilestones in information management:
1400s Horses in Italy1500-1700 Creation of paper and the printing press1850 Manual typewriter1860s Vertical file cabinets and the telegraph1879 Cash registers 1880s Telephone1890s Time clocks1980s Personal computer1990s Internet
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Contingency Management
Contingency Approach
holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place.
5.45.4
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Contingency Management
• Management is harder than it looks• Managers need to look for key
contingencies that differentiate today’s situation from yesterday’s situation
• Managers need to spend more time analyzing problems before taking action
• Pay attention to qualifying phrases, such as “usually”
5.45.4