Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an...

Chapter 2

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs

Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs: Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, the student will be able to: Discuss how the various tissues of the body build on

one another. Describe the components of specific organ systems,

such as the integumentary system, digestive system, respiratory system, vascular system, lymphatic system, endocrine system, urinary system, reproductive system, and special senses.

List the general function of each of these organ systems.

Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs

Epithelial tissue Neural tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue


Epithelial Tissue

Simple epithelium Squamous

• Endothelial: Spindle

• Mesothelial: Oval to polygonal Cuboidal: Cube Columnar: Rodlike

Pseudostratified: Rodlike, with thin section Stratified epithelium

Squamous: Polyhedral Columnar: Columnar on cuboidal or columnar on columnar Transitional: Cube to pear


Epithelial Tissue


Neural Tissue

Arises from neuroepithelial cells Neurons: Nerve cells that receive and

conduct impulses and regulate muscle and gland activity

Neuroglial cells: Supporting cells of the nervous system

Parts of neuron: Cell body, perikaryon, cytoplasm


Neural Tissue


Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue

Dense, regular connective tissue


Cartilage

Three types: Hyaline Elastic Fibrous


Hyaline Cartilage


Elastic Cartilage


Fibrous Cartilage


Bone

Compact (dense) Cancellous (spongy)


Blood

Conducts oxygen to the cells Returns carbon dioxide from the cells to the

lungs Clots to prevent blood loss Regulates pH through a buffer system Regulates body temperature Provides protection from bacteria through its

phagocytic and antigenic properties


Blood

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Granular• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Nongranular• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

Platelets


Blood


Lymphocytes

Become functional in the bone marrow Are responsible for the humorally activated

immune system Circulate in the lymphatic vessels and in the

bloodstream Function wherever they are called on by

antigen actions


Muscle Tissue

The basis of motion in a muscle cell is the change from chemical to mechanical energy by enzymatic cleavage of ATP.

Results from the action of two proteins: Actin Myosin

Three types of muscles: Skeletal or voluntary Smooth or involuntary Cardiac


Skeletal (Voluntary) Muscle Fibers


Smooth (Involuntary) Muscle Fibers


Cardiac Muscle Fibers


Organs and Organ Systems


Integumentary (Skin) System

Functions: Excretion of waste products such as carbon

dioxide, water, salts, and urea Eliminating heat Protection against invasion of foreign materials Acts on nerves receiving stimuli (e.g., monitoring

temperature, pressure)


Integumentary or Skin System


Neural System


Skeletal System


Digestive System


Digestive System: Liver


Digestive System: Pancreas


Respiratory System


Vascular System


Lymphatic System


Muscular System


Endocrine System

Thyroid Parathyroid Pituitary glands Ovaries Testes Pancreas Adrenal medulla


Endocrine System

Functions of hormones: Regulate metabolism and energy balance Aid in regulation of involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle

fibers Vary body activities Regulate centers of the immune system Play a role in growth and development Contribute to the reproduction process Regulate volume and composition of the extracellular

environment Some organs also have additional or other functions.


Urinary System


Reproductive System

Male Testes: Secrete

testosterone Prostate Seminal vesicles

Female Produces estrogen

and progesterone Ovaries Uterus Vagina


Special Senses

Vision Retina of the eye

Hearing External ear, middle ear, internal ear

Equilibrium Controlled by vestibular organs in internal ear

Smell Olfactory epitheliumpseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium Taste

Circumvallate, fungiform and foliate papillae


Discussion and Considerations

Why does the dental professional need to understand cell structure and tissue and organ functions?


Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an...

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