Chapter 2: Research Methods Basic Terms Measurement of Behavior Research Designs Animal Use.
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Transcript of Chapter 2: Research Methods Basic Terms Measurement of Behavior Research Designs Animal Use.
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Chapter 2:Research Methods
Basic Terms Measurement of Behavior Research Designs Animal Use
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Basic Terms
Variable A characteristic that can change (vary)
over time or from one situation to another
Independent variable a characteristic whose values are independent
of changes in the values of other variables Dependent variable
Characteristic that is dependent upon changes in the IV
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Basic Terms
Operational definition An exact description of an event or
behavior that would otherwise be ambiguous
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Measurement of Behavior
1. Rate of response
Cumulative Recorder
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Measurement of Behavior
2. Intensity
3. Duration
4. Speed
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Measurement of Behavior
5. Latency
6. Interval recording
7. Time sample recording
8. Topography
9. Number of errors
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Basic Terms
Stimulus (S) Any event that can produce a
behavior
Response (R) A behavior elicited by a stimulus
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Basic Terms
Overt Behavior Behavior that can be observed by
another individual
Covert Behavior Behavior that is subjective (can be
observed only by person performing behavior)
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Basic Terms
Appetitive Stimuli Stimuli that an individual will seek
out
Aversive Stimuli Stimuli that an individual will avoid
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Basic Terms
Deprivation Prolonged absence of an event,
which tends to increase the event’s appeal
Satiation Prolonged exposure to an event,
which tends to decreases the appeal of that event
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Basic Terms
Contiguity Temporal continuity: closeness of two
events in time Spatial continuity: closeness of two
events in space
Contingency A predicted relationship between two
events
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Research Design
Descriptive Research Recording detailed observations about
a behavior, and the situation that it occurs in
Naturalistic Observation Recording of behavior in its natural
environment
Case Studies Intensive examination of one or
a few individuals
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/images/vc009108.jpg
http://travel.3yen.com/wp-content/images/714px-japanese_macaque.jpg
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Research Design
Experimental Research One or more independent variables
manipulated in order to show a cause-and-effect relationship between the variable and the behavior of interest
Control Group Designs Experiment in which subjects are randomly
assigned to a control group or an experimental group
Group 1Food
Group 2No food
ExperimentalDesign
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Research Design
Experimental Research
Control Group Designs
Advantages: Good for showing cause-and-effect
relationships
Disadvantages: Requires a large number of subjects Data sometimes analyzed only at end of
experiment Ignores individual results (which might be
important)
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Six experimental conditions (groups of subjects) in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment involving two levels of a “food” variable and three levels of an “age” variable.
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Research Design
Experimental Research
Single-Subject Designs
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Simple Comparison (AB) Design
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Reversal (ABAB) Design
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Two-Treatment Reversal (ABCAC) Design
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Problem:Reversal (ABAB) Design
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Multiple Baseline Design
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Changing Criterion Design
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Use of Animals in Behavioral Research
Arguments For: Genetic and learning history can be controlled Experimental conditions can be more strictly
controlled Some research cannot be ethically conducted in
humans
Arguments Against: Animals subjects not human, so results may not
be applicable to humans Unethical for animals too
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Research Ethics
Federal guidelines: The “Common Rule”
Professional societies recommendations (APA, Society for Neuroscience)
Institutional review boards IACUC
Journals
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Animal Ethical Guidelines
Clear purpose and necessity Excellent housing, food and health
care Minimal pain and suffering