Chapter 18 – Manifest Chapter 18 – Manifest Destiny and Its Destiny and Its

Legacy Legacy

““Old Tippecanoe…..Old Tippecanoe….. Review – The Election Review – The Election

of 1840of 1840 Harrison’s Presidency Harrison’s Presidency 1.1. Whig President Whig President 2.2. Harrison = FigureheadHarrison = Figurehead3.3. Daniel Webster – Sec. Daniel Webster – Sec.

of State of State 4.4. Henry Clay – Speaker Henry Clay – Speaker

of Houseof House5.5. Dies 4 weeks into 1Dies 4 weeks into 1stst

term term

……and Tyler Too”and Tyler Too” John Tyler – Harrison’s John Tyler – Harrison’s

V.P. V.P. ““His Accidency” His Accidency” Former Jacksonian Former Jacksonian

Democrat Democrat At odds with every At odds with every

major issue of Whig major issue of Whig Party Party

1.1. Anti-bank Anti-bank 2.2. Anti-protective tariff Anti-protective tariff 3.3. Anti-internal Anti-internal

improvements improvements

A President Without a Party A President Without a Party

Tyler vetoes Clay’s legislation for Tyler vetoes Clay’s legislation for new BUSnew BUS

Controversy over tariff billControversy over tariff bill Democratic reaction?Democratic reaction? Political problems for Tyler?Political problems for Tyler?

1.1.Expelled from Whig Party Expelled from Whig Party

2.2.Attempt to impeach Attempt to impeach

3.3.Entire cabinet resigned Entire cabinet resigned

A War of Words with A War of Words with England England

Britain – love / hate relationshipBritain – love / hate relationship

1.1.Two recent wars Two recent wars

2.2.British aristocracy look down upon British aristocracy look down upon American societyAmerican society

A War of Words with A War of Words with England England

Britain – love / hate relationshipBritain – love / hate relationship

1.1.Two recent wars Two recent wars

2.2.British aristocracy look down upon British aristocracy look down upon American societyAmerican society

3.3.Panic of 1837 = Americans default Panic of 1837 = Americans default on British loans on British loans

4.4.Canadian independence movement Canadian independence movement

Yankee Doodle borrows Yankee Doodle borrows cashcash

Yankee Doodle spends itYankee Doodle spends it

And then he snaps his And then he snaps his fingers atfingers at

The jolly flat who spend it The jolly flat who spend it

Canadian Independence?Canadian Independence?

American support – why?American support – why? American American CarolineCaroline bringing supplies bringing supplies

to movement when attacked on to movement when attacked on Niagara RiverNiagara River

1.1.Depiction vs. Reality Depiction vs. Reality

Mo’ Maine Mo’ Problems Mo’ Maine Mo’ Problems

Border controversy Border controversy ““Aroostook War” Aroostook War”

(1842)(1842) Webster-Ashburton Webster-Ashburton

TreatyTreaty

1.1. America receives America receives 7,000 of 12,000 sq. 7,000 of 12,000 sq. miles in questionmiles in question

The Lone Star of Texas Shines The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone Alone

Review Texas Revolution Review Texas Revolution Independent Texas fears future Independent Texas fears future

retaking by Mexico retaking by Mexico Foreign interest in Texas, especially Foreign interest in Texas, especially

the British – why?the British – why? Debate over American annexation of Debate over American annexation of

Texas Texas

Pro-AnnexationPro-Annexation

““The pretense that the annexation has The pretense that the annexation has been unrightful and unrighteous is been unrightful and unrighteous is

wholly untrue and unjust to ourselves. wholly untrue and unjust to ourselves. If Texas became peopled with an If Texas became peopled with an

American population, it was on the American population, it was on the express of Mexico herself. What, then, express of Mexico herself. What, then, can be more preposterous than all this can be more preposterous than all this clamor by Mexico against annexation clamor by Mexico against annexation

as a violation of any rights of hers, any as a violation of any rights of hers, any duties of ours?”duties of ours?”

– – John L. O’Sullivan John L. O’Sullivan

Anti-Annexation Anti-Annexation ““They who favor the Mexican War have They who favor the Mexican War have

succeeded in robbing Mexico of her succeeded in robbing Mexico of her territory. And they are rejoicing over territory. And they are rejoicing over their success under the hypocritical their success under the hypocritical

pretense of a regard for peace. Had they pretense of a regard for peace. Had they not succeeded in robbing Mexico of the not succeeded in robbing Mexico of the

most important and most valuable part of most important and most valuable part of her territory, many of those now loudest her territory, many of those now loudest in their cries of favor for peace would be in their cries of favor for peace would be loudest and wildest for war. We are not loudest and wildest for war. We are not the people to rejoice. We ought rather the people to rejoice. We ought rather blush and hang our heads for shame.”blush and hang our heads for shame.”

– – Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass

Belated Texas Nuptials Belated Texas Nuptials

Debate over annexation of texas?Debate over annexation of texas? Texas = Biggest issue in election of Texas = Biggest issue in election of

18441844 Democrat = James K. Polk / platform?Democrat = James K. Polk / platform? Whig = Henry Clay / platform?Whig = Henry Clay / platform?

Belated Texas Nuptials Belated Texas Nuptials

Polk wins / believes Polk wins / believes victory = mandate victory = mandate for annexationfor annexation

1845 – Texas 1845 – Texas becomes 28becomes 28thth state state

Oregon Fever Oregon Fever

Large area of Large area of fertile land 4 to fertile land 4 to nations claim nations claim control?control?

Justifying Justifying American claims American claims in Oregon?in Oregon?

The Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail

1840s – Oregon 1840s – Oregon FeverFever

Willamette ValleyWillamette Valley Journey / Journey /

Conditions Conditions

1.1. Donner Party Donner Party Impact = Rapid Impact = Rapid

American American movement west movement west

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny

1.1. John L. O’Sullivan John L. O’Sullivan

2.2. Destiny of U.S. to expand Destiny of U.S. to expand democracy and American virtues democracy and American virtues westwest

3.3. Destined by GodDestined by God Other reasons why Americans Other reasons why Americans

head west in the 19head west in the 19thth century? century?

““Away, away with all these Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of rights of cobweb tissues of rights of

discovery, exploration, discovery, exploration, settlement…The American claim settlement…The American claim

is by right of our manifest destiny is by right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the to overspread and to possess the

whole of the continent which whole of the continent which Providence (divine guidance) has Providence (divine guidance) has given us for the development of given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty”the great experiment of liberty”

– – John L. O’Sullivan John L. O’Sullivan

Election of 1844Election of 1844

Whigs = Henry Clay Whigs = Henry Clay Democrats = James K. Polk Democrats = James K. Polk Issues Issues 1.1. TexasTexas2.2. Oregon Oregon Stance of each candidate?Stance of each candidate? Winner = Polk Winner = Polk Polk believes victory = mandate for Polk believes victory = mandate for

western expansionwestern expansion

James K. Polk James K. Polk

Polk’s Presidency Polk’s Presidency

4 point-program of Polk4 point-program of Polk

1.1. Lower tariffs Lower tariffs

2.2. Restoration of independent treasury Restoration of independent treasury

3.3. Acquisition of California Acquisition of California

4.4. Settle Oregon Dispute Settle Oregon Dispute ““54-40 or Fight”54-40 or Fight” How is issue resolved?How is issue resolved?

Problems With Mexico Problems With Mexico

Why does American want Why does American want California?California?

Problems between US and Mexico?Problems between US and Mexico? Border issues in Texas?Border issues in Texas?

Problems with MexicoProblems with Mexico

Polk careful to not Polk careful to not move troops into move troops into disputed territory disputed territory

Slidell Mission Slidell Mission

1.1. Objective?Objective?

2.2. Result?Result?

Polk’s ResponsePolk’s Response Sends General Taylor / troops into Sends General Taylor / troops into

disputed territory disputed territory Polk – “defending U.S. territory”Polk – “defending U.S. territory” Mexico – “invasion of Mexican Mexico – “invasion of Mexican

territory” territory”

War BeginsWar Begins Polk hopes for Polk hopes for

Mexican reaction to Mexican reaction to justify war justify war

May 1846 – Mexican May 1846 – Mexican forces attack Taylor forces attack Taylor

““Mexico has Mexico has invaded our invaded our territory and shed territory and shed American blood American blood upon American upon American soilsoil””

Declaration of War With Declaration of War With Mexico Mexico

The Spot ResolutionsThe Spot Resolutions Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Challenge Polk Challenge Polk

to verify spot to verify spot where skirmish where skirmish occurred occurred

““Mr. Polk’s War”Mr. Polk’s War”

War with Mexico War with Mexico

Both sides want war Both sides want war

1.1. Why Mexico?Why Mexico?

2.2. Why U.S.?Why U.S.? Polk’s scheme with Santa Anna? Polk’s scheme with Santa Anna?

Result?Result? War With MexicoWar With Mexico

The Bear Flag Republic The Bear Flag Republic (California )(California )

1845 – “Bear Flag 1845 – “Bear Flag Revolt” Revolt”

John C. Fremont John C. Fremont

Battles of the Mexican War Battles of the Mexican War

American military strategy?American military strategy? Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe

(NM) (NM)

Battles of the Mexican War Battles of the Mexican War

American military strategy?American military strategy? Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe

(NM) (NM) Zachary Taylor wins at Buena Vista Zachary Taylor wins at Buena Vista

Battles of the Mexican War Battles of the Mexican War

American military strategy?American military strategy? Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe Stephen Kearny wins at Sante Fe

(NM) (NM) Zachary Taylor wins at Buena Vista Zachary Taylor wins at Buena Vista Winfield Scott wins at Veracruz, Winfield Scott wins at Veracruz,

Mexico City Mexico City

Peace with Mexico Peace with Mexico Nicholas P. Trist - negotiates treaty Nicholas P. Trist - negotiates treaty Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Land gained by USLand gained by US1.1. ½ of Mexican land½ of Mexican land2.2. Rest of TexasRest of Texas3.3. West to Oregon West to Oregon 4.4. CaliforniaCalifornia5.5. New Mexico / Utah Territory New Mexico / Utah Territory 6.6. Cost = $15 million Cost = $15 million Debate in Senate?Debate in Senate?

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase

1853 – U.S. pays 1853 – U.S. pays Mexico $10 Mexico $10 million for land in million for land in southern AZ / NM southern AZ / NM

Why? Why?

Profit and Loss in Mexico Profit and Loss in Mexico American casualties American casualties American land acquisition American land acquisition American military success / experience American military success / experience The Mexican War brought about the conflict of The Mexican War brought about the conflict of

slavery between the states.  slavery between the states.  David WilmotDavid Wilmot- proposed the amendment that - proposed the amendment that

stated that the territory from Mexico should stated that the territory from Mexico should remain slave-free.  This remain slave-free.  This Wilmot AmendmentWilmot Amendment never passed the Senate because the Southern never passed the Senate because the Southern members did not want to be robbed of possible members did not want to be robbed of possible slave states to arise in the future from the land slave states to arise in the future from the land gain in the Treaty of Guadalupe.gain in the Treaty of Guadalupe.