Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In...
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Transcript of Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In...
![Page 1: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 17Looking “Under the Hood”
![Page 2: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Getting Started
• In this Chapter, you will learn:− How does a computer work− What do RAM and processing circuitry look like− How does data get into chips− Does a computer use the same code for all
types of data
![Page 3: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Getting Started
• In this Chapter, you will learn (continued):− How does software tie into chips, codes, and
circuits − About Hardware: Microprocessors
![Page 4: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
How does a computer work?
• A computer works by manipulating data– Data refers to the symbols that describe people, events,
things, and ideas– A computer works with data in four ways
• Accepting input data• Processing data• Producing output data• Storing data
– Input is the data that goes into a computer
• The computer puts data into RAM (Random Access Memory), a temporary holding area for data
![Page 5: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
How does a computer work?
• RAM holds data and tells the computer what to do• A computer’s circuitry reads data and processes it• Processing data means manipulating it in some way,
such as performing a calculation• An instruction indicates that data should be
transferred from RAM to a printer, modem, or display screen as output
• Data sent to the hard disk drive is done using a a process called “storing data”
![Page 6: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
How does a computer work?
Input data arrives in RAM and is processed
![Page 7: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
What do RAM and processing circuitry look like?
• RAM and processing circuitry are contained in “chips” inside PC– Chip: nickname for an integrated circuit– Integrated circuit: thin slice of silicon etched with
microscopic circuitry– Microprocessor chip: carries out most of the
processing work on PC– RAM chips: temporarily hold data– ROM chips: hold the instructions for PC to boot up
![Page 8: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
What do RAM and processing circuitry look like?
• Chip is housed in small, black, rectangular chip carrier
• Circuit board contains electrical pathways that allow data to travel between chips
• In a typical PC, a large circuit board houses the microprocessor chip, ROM chips, and support chips
• Series of RAM chips are connected to a small circuit board called a memory module
![Page 9: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
What do RAM and processing circuitry look like?
PC System Board
![Page 10: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
How does data get into chips?
• PC works with data converted into code and then into electronic signals that travel through circuits on chips and circuit boards– Computer codes are based ones and zeros– Each 1 or 0 is a bit (short for binary digit)– Eight bits form a byte
• Data is coded to transmit electronically• As data is gathered, processed, stored, and
transmitted, special controller chips constantly convert it from one type of signal to another
![Page 11: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Does a computer use the same code for all types of data?
• Computers use different codes for different types of data– Text data: ASCII, extended ASCII, ANSI, Unicode, or EBCDIC codes– Numbers for calculations: binary number system– Bitmap images: binary color code for each dot– Recorded sound: binary number represents height of wave sample
• Codes share characteristics– Digital: converts data into a finite set of numbers– Binary: uses only 0s and 1s– Fixed length: use the same number of bits to represent each data item
![Page 12: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Does a computer use the same code for all types of data?
ASCII code: Digital, Binary, and Fixed Length
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13 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
How does software tie into chips, codes, and circuits?
• Software is a collection of programs or program modules containing a list of instructions– Instructions are written in a computer programming
language– Today’s programming languages use English-like words– English-like words must be converted into a machine
language of 1s and 0s
• Compiling is the process of converting English-like words into 1s and 0s – Compiling creates executable EXE files
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14 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Hardware: Microprocessors• Microprocessor is a single integrated circuit• Microcomputer is a type of computer that uses a
microprocessor as its main processing unit, such as your PC• Most microcomputers contain x86 microprocessors
− Able to work with the x86 instruction set− Intel is the original x86 chipmaker and is still the largest− Both Intel and AMD offer chips with speeds over 3 GHz
• Clock speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)− One MHz is 1 million cycles per second and one GHz is 1 billion cycles
per second− Clock speed is analogous to how fast you pedal a bike. Faster cycles
mean faster computer processing
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15 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Hardware: Microprocessors• Several factors can affect the speed at which a microprocessor
processes instructions− Instructions per clock cycle: Processors that execute multiple
instructions per clock cycle are referred to as superscalar− Cache memory is data-holding circuitry that can be accessed faster
than RAM• Level 1 cache is on the microprocessor chip• Level 2 cache is on a separate chip
− Accelerated front side bus; fast version will move data quickly and will allow the processor to work at full capacity
• HyperTransport is a technique to accelerate the rate data travels on the front side bus
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16 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Hardware: Microprocessors• Several factors can affect the speed at which a microprocessor
processes instructions (continued)− Extended instruction sets: some processors have this feature to speed
up certain types of processing− Multi-core architecture: multi-core processor is a single microprocessor
chip with circuitry that allows it to process more than one instruction at a time
• Benchmark test is a set of standard processing tasks that measure the performance of computer hardware and software− Microprocessor benchmark tests measure processor speed
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17 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Hardware: Microprocessors• Benchmark tests measuring processor performance fall into
categories:− Multimedia benchmarks measure performance when processing
multimedia data− Integer benchmarks measure performance when processing words and
numbers used in word processing, presentation, spreadsheet, and database applications
− Floating-point benchmarks measure performance for numbers stored in a special “floating point” format used in 3-D graphics, computer-aided design, and many computer games
− Real-world performance benchmarks measure how well a computer executes a predefined set of tasks while running word processing, spreadsheet, and other productivity software
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18 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Who invented the first electronic digital computer?
• What do you think?– Do you think the judge made the right decision,
despite the fact that Atanasoff never filed for a patent?
– Do you think that Zuse, instead of Atanasoff, should be declared the inventor of the first electronic digital computer?
– Do you think that the computer industry would be different today if Sperry Rand had won its patent case?
![Page 19: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Chapter Summary
• You should now:− Understand how a computer works− Know what RAM and processing circuitry look
like− Understand how data gets into chips− Know if a computer uses the same code for all
types of data
![Page 20: Chapter 17 Looking “Under the Hood”. 2Practical PC 5 th Edition Chapter 17 Getting Started In this Chapter, you will learn: − How does a computer work.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f2a5503460f94c4478a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20 Practical PC 5th Edition Chapter 17
Chapter Summary
• You should now be able to (continued):− Know how software ties into chips, codes, and
circuits − Understand Microprocessors