Chapter 15: War Divides a Nation

Lesson 1: Early Stages of the War

Advantages and DisadvantagesNORTHUNION – FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE UNION

SOUTHCONFEDERACY – FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THEIR WAY OF LIFE

Produced 90% of weapons, cloth, shoes, and iron

Produced half the countries corn and 80% of the wheat

Had more railroads, canals, and roads

Raised more money for the war.

Spent 2.6 billion on war

Had more rural ways of life so they were more familiar with weapons

Had a history of producing military leaders

Large number of Mexican War veterans came from the South

Spent 1 million on the war

Union’s Strategy Winfield Scott, veteran

of the Mexican War, planned a 3 part strategy.

1st Blockade of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the Confederacy

2nd Capture territory along the Mississippi River to cut the south in two.

3rd Attack from the east and west.

Called the Anaconda Plan because it would squeeze the Confederacy like an anaconda.

Confederacy’s Plan

Planned to defend their territory until the North gave up.

Thought they would lose interest Also thought they would get help from

Great Britain because they need cotton. Great Britain had a surplus of cotton Let them build ships in their ship yard, but

sent no soldiers.

First Battle of Bull Run A lot of confusion because

soldiers were inexperienced.

Union did well at first and the Confederate soldiers began to turn back.

The Confederate general told them to hold their place. That General was nicknamed “Stonewall” Jackson because he and his men stood like a stone wall against the Union.

Later more Confederate soldiers arrived and the Union retreated.

High casualties: Union- 3000 Confederate – 2000

Stonewall Jackson went on to defeat the Union Army in Virginia and many thought he could take over Washington D.C.

Battle of Antietam in 1862 Important victory

for the Union. After the

Confederacy lost this battle Great Britain ended their support for the southern states.

Technolgy and the War Rifles could shoot farther and

more accurately Railroads for transporting

soldiers and supplies Submarines Hand-grenades Ironclad – iron covered ship

Confederates made the first one called The Virginia

Union copies and made The Monitor

These items caused more casualties, but medical advances hadn’t caught up with these technologies.

Robert E. Lee He was a rising star in

the U.S. Army Lived in Virginia When Virginia seceded

he decided to fight with the Confederacy even though he opposed slavery.

“I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home.”

Lesson 2: Life During the War

Life for Soldiers Soldiers’ letters and photo by

photographers were the only way the public knew what was happening during the war.

Average age of a soldier was 25, drummers were as young as 12

Food was bad for both sides They were given beans, bacon,

pickled beef and salt pork. Would hunt when they could. Sometimes raided local farms.

Life was hard even when they were not in battle Might march 25 miles a day

carrying 50 lbs of supplies Got thirsty in summer and cold in

winter Confederate soldiers wore out their

shoes and fought in their bare feet.

The Draft A draft required men of a certain age to serve in the military if they are called.

UNION DRAFT CONFEDERATE DRAFT

Union men could pay $300 to avoid fighting

Draft was needed on both sides because fewer people were volunteering the longer the war continued.

Confederate men could pay someone to take their place if they owned 20 or more slaves.

Losses Revolutionary War -

10,600 Civil War – 1

million

Disease was the most common cause of death.

Doctors didn’t know about germs and how to keep wounds from getting infected.

The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation means to set free Proclamation means a statement The Emancipation Proclamation

was a statement that freed all the slave in the Confederate states at war with the Union.

Lincoln said, “I never in my life felt more certain that I was doing right.”

It didn’t end slavery in border states or in Confederate states that the Union already controlled.

Fredrick Douglass encouraged African Americans to assist the Union in war.

African Americans in the War At the beginning of the war

they were not allowed to join the army.

They did serve as cooks, servants, and other workers.

In 1862, they were allowed to join the Union Army

They were not treated the same as whites however. Received less pay Had to purchase their own

uniform

54th RegimentA regiment is a group of 600 – 1000 soldiers.

One of the first black regiments. They led an attack on Fort

Wagner in South Carolina. They bravely charged the fort. Sergeant William Carney was

seriously wounded yet he never dropped the regiment’s flag. He won the Congressional Medal of Honor.

They lost the battle, but their bravery changed the minds of many Northerners who doubted the abilities of the black soldiers.

Nearly 200,000 black soldier fought for the Union

37,000 lost their lives. In 1864 Congress voted to give

black and white soldiers equal pay.

Women and the War Women helped may was

during the war Worked in offices and

became teacher Ran farms and

businesses Protested the rise in food

prices Sewed clothing Rolled bandages Sold personal

possessions Sent any food they could

spare to the armies

Belle Boyd Nicknamed “La Belle

Rebelle” Famous Confederate

spy Was caught six time

spying Once communicated

with a Confederate by hiding messages inside rubber balls and throwing them out of her cell window.

Clara Barton

“Angel of the Battlefield”

Cared for wounded soldiers

Organized the American Association of the Red Cross in 1881

Francis Clalin

Disguised herself as a man so that she could fight in the Union Army.

The War Goes On

By 1863 both sides were tired of the war. They lacked supplies, pay was delayed,

sleeping in the rain, and deaths of friends and family were taking their toll on the soldiers.

Soldiers were refusing to go to war and leaving their military duties on both sides.

Lesson 3: How the North Won

The Battle of Gettysburg Fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Farthest north the Confederate forces had

advanced Began on July 1, 1863 Confederates pushed the Union back on the

first day More Union soldiers arrived on the second

day and they held their ground. On July 3rd more that 150 Confederate

cannons fired at the Union and they fired back with their cannons. It could be heard 140 miles away.

General George Pickett’s Confederate troops charged into the open spaces toward the Union troops. This was called “Pickett’s Charge”. More that 5000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.

Important victory for the Union because it stopped the Confederate advance and sent them back to Virginia

Casualties: Union – 23,000 Confederate – 28,000

Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Battlefield

was turned into a national cemetery to honor the men that died there.

President Lincoln gave a speech at the ceremony now called the Gettysburg Address

Said that a united nation and slavery were worth fighting for,

The Tide Turns Gettysburg began a series

of victories for the Union. Union needed control of

Vicksburg, MS to cut the Confederacy in two.

Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant blockaded the city and then began firing on the city by land and sea for 48 days.

On July 4, 1863, the day after the surrender of Gettysburg, the southerners surrendered Vicksburg.

The South was cut in half just as they planned.

The War Ends General William Tecumseh Sherman

marched his Union army toward Atlanta, GA and overtook the city on Sept. 2, 1864.

Sherman practiced total war(to destroy not just the opposing army, but the people’s will to fight)and destroyed the city of Atlanta.

In November, his army moved southeast to Savannah, GA destroying anything in their path.

Caused 100 million dollars worth of damage on Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

Savannah fell without a fight. Sherman’s army joined Grant’s and they

were closing in on Lee’s army in Virginia. On April 3,1865 the captured Richmond,

the Confederates capital. Generals Grant and Lee met at

Appomattox Court House in Virginia to discuss the terms of surrender on April 9, 1865.

Lesson 4: The End of Slavery

Lincoln’s Assassination Abraham Lincoln was

assassinated(the murder of a government or political leader)on April 14th, 1865

John Wilkes Booth shot him.

A funeral train carried his body to his hometown in Springfield, IL.

Andrew Johnson Vice President from

Tennessee becomes President

Plans to carry out Lincoln’s reconstruction plan: End slavery throughout

the nation-Thirteenth Amendment

Readmit the former Confederate states

Allowed black codes Complete by 1865

Reconstruction Under Congress Congress passed the

Reconstruction Act in 1867 Gave African

American men the right to vote

Confederate officers or leaders could not vote or hold office

Set up the Freedmen’s Bureau-helped the former slaves

African Americans hold Elected Office

In 1870, Hiram Revels was elected to the Senate seat in Mississippi.

In 1874, Blanche Bruce was also elected to the Senate.

Southerners Angered Didn’t like the

Northerners that were moving to the south (Carpetbaggers)

Didn’t like the changes that the Reconstruction brought. Southerners that supported Reconstruction were called scalawags.

Didn’t like the rights given to African Americans and some formed the Ku Klux Klan.

New Amendments South must accept two new

amendments to be readmitted. The Fourteenth Amendment –

Gave African Americans citizenship and said that laws must protect all citizens equally.

The Fifteenth Amendment – Gave all make citizens the right to vote.

Johnson fought the 14th Amendment and the Reconstruction laws

Congress wanted to impeach(remove from office)Johnson.

Reconstruction Ends All former Confederate

states were readmitted by 1870.

New laws were passed that took away rights of African Americans Poll taxes to vote Reading tests to vote Jim Crow laws –

separated African Americans and whites in public places

Sharecropping Rented land from

white landowners Paid their rent with a

portion of their crop. Used the rest of their

crop to pay for food, clothing and equipment.

Usually the costs were higher than the pay their received for their crops.

Reconstruction

SUCCESSES FAILURES

Public school system was established.

Industries were expanded.

South remained the poorest section of the country.

African Americans lost their political power.

Blacks continued to perform the same labor as they did as slaves.