Chapter 16: Slavery Divides the Nation…

Section 1: Slavery in the Territories

The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri Compromise:–Agreement

proposed in 1819.–By Henry Clay

to keep the number of slave and free states equal.

The Missouri Compromise

• Debates about slavery in new territories.....Yes or No!!!

• 1819: – 11 free states– 11 slave states

• Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state.

• This would give the South the majority in the Senate!!!

The Missouri Compromise

• Maine wanted to become a state as well.

• Henry Clay came up with a compromise.

• Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state....This would keep everything balanced!!

The Missouri Compromise

• Congress drew an imaginary line through Missouri....36' 30'N(Latitude)...

• Slavery was permitted in Louisiana Purchase territory south of the line.

• And banned slavery north of the line.

• Exception: Missouri itself (all slave state)

Slavery in the West…

• Wilmot Proviso- – Law passed in 1846

that banned slavery in any territories won by the U.S. from Mexico.

• Popular Sovereignty:– Mid-1800's– Idea that each

territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery.

Wilmot Proviso• 1848:

– Mexican War adds much land to the U.S. in the West!

• David Wilmot:– Member of Congress from

Penn. – Tried to have all new

Mexican territory slave free – Ban on slavery!

• Called this the Wilmot Proviso

Wilmot Proviso• Wilmot Proviso:• Passed by House

of Reps.• Senate rejected

the Wilmot Proviso.

• Continued arguments about slavery!!

Opposing Views• Southerners:

Wanted slavery• Northerners:

Opposed slavery• In between the two

extremes: Moderates • Felt that the

Missouri Compromise line should extend to the Pacific Ocean.

• Some felt that the new states should be able to decide for themselves.

The Free-Soil Party

• Free-Soil party:–Bipartisan antislavery party founded by the U.S. in 1848 to keep slavery out of the western territories.

Free Soil Party• Antislavery

members that came from two parties:

• 1. The Northern Democrats.

• 2. Whigs. • Goal of party: –Keep slavery

out of western territories

Election of 1848

• Free-Soil Party:– Martin Van

Buren(Ban on Slaves)

• Democrats:– Lewis Cass(popular

sovereignty)

• Whigs:– Zachary Taylor(wins

election)(slave owner)

• Slavery was main issue!!!

The Compromise of 1850

Section 2 Chapter 16

California’s Impact

• 1849: – 15 free states– 15 slave states

• California wanted to enter as a free state.

• Along with possibly :– Oregon. – Utah. – And New Mexico.

• South would be out-voted by free states in the Senate!

• South wanted to secede from the U.S.

Clay v. Calhoun

• Clay: – AKA "The Great Compromiser"

feared the nation would break apart.

• John C. Calhoun(S.C.):– Refused to compromise– 1.Wanted slavery in western

territories.– 2. Demanded that fugitive slaves

be returned to their owners.

• If the North did not agree, the South would part in peace.

The Compromise of 1850

• Five Parts: • 1. California would enter Union as

a free state.• 2. Divided the rest of the Mexican

Cession into– New Mexico and Utah. (popular

sovereignty)

• 3. Ended the slave trade in Washington D.C.– (Congress would have no power

over slave trade between slave states)

• 4. Strict fugitive slave law.• 5. Settled border disputes between

Texas and New Mexico.

Fugitive Slave Act

• Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves.

• If anyone let a fugitive escape....$1,000 fine and jail time.

• Special courts were created to handle cases---

• NO suspects were allowed a jury trial!!

• Judges received $10 for sending the accused runaway to the South....$5 to set them free.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Antislavery Bestseller:• Harriet Beecher Stowe• Tells of an enslaved African

American noted for his kindness. • His owner whips him to death for

not telling the whereabouts of two runaway slaves.

• Uncle Tom's Cabin outsold every book except the Bible in the years leading up to the Civil War.

• Translated into over 20 different languages.

The Crisis Deepens…

Section 3 Chapter 16

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas

• 1854: – law that established the

territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

– Giving the settlers the right of popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery.

• This territory stretched from Texas to Canada.

• President Franklin Pierce and Stephen Douglas helped to push it through Congress

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Southerners were happy with the Act.

• Northerners were outraged!• The Missouri Compromise

already banned slavery in these territories.

• It seemed the Kansas-Nebraska Act would repeal the Missouri Compromise!

• Northerners openly challenged the Fugitive Slave Act.

The Crisis Turns Violent

• Most new settlers came because they wanted land cheap!

• Abolitionists moved into area as well as proslavery settlers.

• Border Ruffians- – proslavery bands from

Missouri who often battled antislavery forces in Kansas.

• 1855:– Kansas held elections to

choose law-makers.– Border Ruffians crossed the

border into Kansas and voted illegally.

Two Governments

• Proslavery legislature was elected and passed laws that angered Northerners.

• 1. People could be put to death for helping slaves escape.

• 2. Speaking out about slavery became a crime punishable by two years of hard labor.

• The antislavery settlers refused to follow laws and created their own legislature and governor!

• Kansas now had TWO separate governments!!

Bleeding Kansas

• Nickname of Kansas because of the guerrilla warfare that took place throughout 1856.

• Guerrilla warfare:– The use of hit-and-run tactics

• Killings at Pottawatomie Creek – Led by antislavery activist

John Brown sparked many deaths in Kansas.

Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott was enslaved in Missouri for many years.

• He moved with his owner to Illinois and then to Wisconsin where slavery was banned.

• They eventually moved back to Missouri where Scott's owner died.

• Scott filed a lawsuit and argued that because he had lived in free territory, he had become a free man!

The Supreme Court Ruling..

• Angered Northerners!• 1. Supreme Court stated that

Scott could not file a suit because slaves were not citizens.

• 2. Slaves were considered property.

• 3. The Court did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory---

• The Missouri Compromise, according to the Court, was unconstitutional!

• This meant that slavery was legal in all territories!!!!

The Republican Party Emerges…

Section 4 Chapter 16

The Republican Party…

• Developed in 1854.• Free-Soilers.• Northern Democrats.• Antislavery Whigs.• ALL wanted to stop

slavery!!!

Election of 1856

• John C. Fremont:– Republican– Frontiersman who

helped with California's independence

– Little political experience

– Opposed slavery.

Election of 1856

• James Buchanan:– Democrat:– “Northern man with

southern principles" – Hoped to attract people

from the North and South.

Election of 1856

• Millard Fillmore:– "Know-Nothing-

Party“– Wanted to preserve

the Union.

Results

• Buchanan wins the election!!!

• The Republicans did win 1/3 of popular vote.

• This showed that they had a lot of influence!

• Southerners began to worry that their influence was fading!!

Abe Lincoln

• Born in Kentucky. • Grew up in Illinois.• Frontiersman.• Self taught education. (only was in

school for 1 yr.)• Studied to be a lawyer• "Just Folks“: simple man.• Wrestling• Honest-plain spoken.• Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act• Decided to run for Senate against

Stephen Douglas!

Lincoln- Douglas Debates

• Seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas.

• Slavery was main issue.• Douglas was a supporter of

popular sovereignty.• Lincoln opposed slavery in new

territories.• Douglas won the debates by a

slim margin...• Lincoln did become very

popular from the debates (esp. in the North).

John Brown’s Raid

• 1859: • Raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia• Raided a federal arsenal (gun

warehouse)• Captured by Robert E. Lee• 10 raiders are killed by Lee's troops

and Brown• is captured!• In court: • Brown was found guilty of murder and

treason (actions against one's country)• Sentenced to Death!• Martyr: (willing to give up your life for

beliefs).

A Nation Divides

Section 5 Chapter 16

Election of 1860…

• Abraham Lincoln:– Republican candidate

• Stephen Douglas:– Northern Democrats

• John Breckinridge:– Southern Democrats

• John Bell:– The Constitutional Union

Party– (Moderate --still looking for

compromise between the North and South)

Election of 1860 Results…

• Abraham Lincoln wins the election!!!

• Last Effort to Save Union:• Senator John Crittenden

– Kentucky.– Tries to introduce bill that

would extend the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific.

• The South decides to secede from the Union.

The Confederate States of America…

• Seven states: – South Carolina. – Alabama.– Florida. – Georgia. – Louisiana. – Mississippi. – Texas.

• New President of Confederacy:– Jefferson Davis of Mississippi.

• The confederate troops began to seize federal property in the South.(forts, post offices, government buildings)

The Civil War Begins…

• The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter on April 11, 1861.

• The Union commander, Major Robert Anderson, was forced to surrender on April 13, 1861.

• This sparked the beginning of the Civil War!!!

Essay Topics…

• 1. Explain how the election of 1860 was the final blow that started the Civil War. (Provide examples...)

• Provide three examples to support the following statement...(details needed)

• A series of compromises delayed the Civil War for 40 years.

• 2. Describe the Dred Scott Supreme Court case.

• --Three parts of decision

• --Two major results• 3. Explain the four

major parts of the Compromise of 1850.

Essay Topics…

• 4. List two ways in which the Lincoln-Douglas debates helped Abe Lincoln.

• 5. Explain Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

• --How did North react.• --How did South react.• --Impact of the novel