Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Antebellum Revivalism & Reform.
Chapter 15 Review Antebellum Revivalism & Reform.
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Transcript of Chapter 15 Review Antebellum Revivalism & Reform.
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Chapter 15 ReviewChapter 15 Review
AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
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Era of Social Change• Religious revilvals
• Reform movements
1) women’s rights
2) education
3) literacy
4) prohibition
5) Abolition
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Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
Go against John Locke and the idea that knowledge comes from the mind
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.
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The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.
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Transcendentailists• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoraeu
• Walt Whitman
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Thomas Paine & Deism• Age of Reason 1794
• All churches set up to enslave men and make a profit
• Followed belief of Deism – reason over religion
• Believe in a supreme being but not Christ’s divinity.
• Followed by Jefferson & Franklin
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Unitarian Faith• Begins in New England
• Believe that God exists in only one person (uni)
• Does not believe in the holy trinity
• Belive in free will & salvation through good works.
• Causes a “tidal wave of spiritual fervor”.
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The Second GreatAwakening
Reaction against liberalism
The Second GreatAwakening
Reaction against liberalism“Spiritual Reform From
Within”[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolition
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Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
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The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking”
conversionR1-2
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Movements of Religious Revivals:
1825 - 1846
Movements of Religious Revivals:
1825 - 1846
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“Burned-Over District”• Areas in New England that were
overrun with preaching to a point they were “burned over”
• Area gave rise to Joseph Smith in 1830. Father of the Mormon faith.
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
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Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints) Takes over
after the death of Smith
11 days of formal education
Aggressive leader
Moves Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
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The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”
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Brigham & the Government
• U.S. was unable to control Brigham Young
• Declared himself governor in 1850• Federal troops sent in 1857 against
Mormons• U.S. Govermnet passes antipolygamy
laws 1862 & 1882• Utah doesn’t become a state until 1896
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Education Reform• Schools existed mostly for the wealthy
• Americans realize the importance of an educated society versus one that is ignorant and able to vote.
• Tax-supported public schools make gains between 1825-1850.
• 1st teachers were men
• Taught the “3 R’s”
“ readin, ritin’ and ‘rithmethic”
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“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs
R3-6
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Educational Reform Educational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.
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Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities
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The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred.
Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents
married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”•Praticed eugenics
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The Shakers
• Led by Mother Ann Lee
• Longest lived sects
• 6,000 member in 1840
• Died out by 1940
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Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
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Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
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New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
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The Blithedale Romance 1852• Book inspired by New Harmony
• Written by Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Main character was based on a feminist writer Margaret Fuller
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Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)
1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
R1-5/7
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Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
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Temperance Movement Temperance Movement
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
R1-6
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“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
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Ten Nights on a Barroom and What I Saw There
• Written by T.S. Arthur in 1854
• Shows how a tavern ruins a once happy village
• 2nd best selling book of its time.
• Led to states like Maine and others in the North to outlaw the sale of intoxicating liquor.
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Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”
Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham
(1802-1887)
1835 Advocate of Moral Reform
Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.
R2-1
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“Cult of Domesticity”“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.
An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!
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Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over
herproperty or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
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Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired
women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
R2-9
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Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments States- men and women were created equal.
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What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
R2-8
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Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement 1816 American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol
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Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists Immediatists
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Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet
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William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4
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The LiberatorThe Liberator
Premiere issue January 1, 1831
R2-5
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The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All
Villanies!
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All
Villanies!
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Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
Arthur Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party. Ran for President
in 1840 & 1844.
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Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.
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Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”
R2-12
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Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10
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Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)
Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”
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Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the
escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep