Chapter 10: Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820-1850
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Transcript of Chapter 10: Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820-1850
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820–1850
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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2 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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3 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820–1850
I. Revivalism and Reform
II. Abolitionism and the Proslavery Response
III. The Cult of True Womanhood, Reform, and Women’s Rights
IV. Religious and Secular Utopianism
V. Literature and Popular Culture
VI. Nature’s Nation
3 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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4 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revivalism and Reform
A. Revivalism and the Market Revolution
B. Temperance
C. Schools, Prisons, and Asylums
4 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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5 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revivalism and the Market Revolution
What was the Second Great Awakening?
How did Finney use the tools of the market revolution to further the goals of the Second Great Awakening?
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7 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Temperance
What does this painting of a militia muster reveal about alcohol consumption in America?
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8 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Temperance
Temperance – A reform movement that developed in response to concern over the rising levels of alcohol consumption in American society
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10 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Schools, Prisons, and Asylums
How did Mann’s vision of educational reform differ from that of the Working Men’s Party?
What was a panopticon?
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11 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Schools, Prisons, and Asylums
Penitentiary – A new reform-based model of incarceration that isolated individuals from one another and gave them a chance to repent and reform
– A radical departure from earlier approaches to crime, which cast behavior in terms of sinfulness, innate depravity, and punishment
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13 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Abolitionism and the Proslavery Response
A. The Rise of Immediatism
B. Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response
C. The Proslavery Argument
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14 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Rise of Immediatism
Why was David Walker’s Appeal so radical?
Who was Henry “Box” Brown?
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15 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Rise of Immediatism
Immediatism – Abolitionist doctrine that rejected gradualism and advocated an immediate end to slavery
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18 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Images as History
Hiram Powers’s statue, “The Greek Slave”, became part of the larger debate about slavery in the mid-nineteenth century.
Why did the public accept the nudity of “The Greek Slave”?
“THE GREEK SLAVE”
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19 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Images as History“THE GREEK SLAVE”
She modestly turns away from viewers.
The chains around her wrists signify her status as a slave.
Because she was “clothed in Christian virtue,” the statue drew even women and children viewers.
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20 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response
What was the “gag rule”?
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21 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response
Gag Rule – A procedural motion that required that the House of Representatives automatically table antislavery petitions and not consider them
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23 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Proslavery Argument
What was the proslavery argument?
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24 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Proslavery Argument
Peculiar Institution – A term that John C. Calhoun coined to describe Southern slavery
– In Calhoun’s view, slavery was not “an evil” or a cause of shame but rather “a good—a positive good” to be championed.
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The Cult of True Womanhood, Reform, and Women’s Rights
A. The New Domestic Ideal
B. Controlling Sexuality
C. The Path toward Seneca Falls
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The New Domestic Ideal
How does “Domestic Happiness” represent the ideal of the family?
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28 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The New Domestic Ideal
Cult of True Womanhood – A set of beliefs that defined women’s values in opposition to the aggressive and competitive values of the marketplace
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30 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Controlling Sexuality
Which reform movements attracted antebellum women?
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32 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Path toward Seneca Falls
How did Stanton’s upbringing influence her approach to women’s rights?
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The Path toward Seneca Falls
Seneca Falls Convention – A convention of women’s rights supporters held in Seneca Falls, New York
– Attendees drafted a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which declared that “all men and women are created equal”
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34 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Religious and Secular Utopianism
A. Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism
B. Secular Utopias
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35 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism
How did the Shakers recast the idea of the family?
What did the Oneida community believe?
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36 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism
Complex Marriage – A system developed by John Humphrey Noyes’s followers at Oneida, in which any man or women who had experienced saving grace was free to engage in sexual relations with any other person
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Competing VisionsREACTIONS TO SHAKER GENDER ROLES
The Shakers reconfigured traditional gender and family roles.
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39 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Competing VisionsREACTIONS TO SHAKER GENDER ROLES
What do reactions to Shaker gender roles reveal about nineteenth-century American values?
In The Shaker Bridal, Hawthorne’s main character is unhappy and pitied after forsaking conventional marriage.
In an 1829 account, a visitor to a Shaker community describes a joyful religious utopia of tranquility and comfort.
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40 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Secular Utopias
Why did Mormon values appeal to farmers and other small producers in the era of the market revolution?
What geographical patterns are evident from this map of utopian communities?
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42 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
George Cragin, Mary’s husband, was interested in Noyes’s ideas.
Moved to Vermont and joined the community at Putney
The Putney community required participation in complex marriage.
MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA
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43 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
Mary’s choices regarding free love
MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA
Persuade her husband to leave the community
with her
Leave regardless of her husband’s
decision
Stay with her husband and participate in
complex marriage
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44 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
Decision and consequences• Mary stayed at Putney and participated in
complex marriage.• Eventually traveled to Oneida and became
one of the founding members.• Declared that life at Oneida brought her closer
to God.
Why might a woman like Mary Cragin have been drawn to the Oneida Community?
MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA
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45 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
Continuing Controversies
•Why would a nineteenth-century woman be attracted to utopian movements that rejected mainstream views of the family and marriage?
MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA
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46 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Literature and Popular Culture
A. Literature and Social Criticism
B. Domestic Fiction, Board Games, and Crime Stories
C. Slaves Tell Their Story: Slavery in American Literature
D. Lyceums and Lectures
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47 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Literature and Social Criticism
How did Thoreau, Hawthorne, and Melville respond to the market revolution?
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48 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Literature and Social Criticism
Transcendentalism – A loose set of ideas that looked to nature for inspiration and insights
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49 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Domestic Fiction, Board Games, and Crime Stories
What ideas about the family and religion are reflected in “The Mansion of Happiness”?
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51 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Slaves Tell Their Story: Slavery in American Literature
Why did Douglass need to prove that he was the author of his autobiography?
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53 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Lyceums and Lectures
Why was phrenology so popular during this period?
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Nature’s Nation
A. Landscape Painting
B. Parks and Cemeteries
C. Revival and Reform in American Architecture
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56 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Landscape Painting
What does Cole’s painting reveal about American views of nature?
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58 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Parks and Cemeteries
What was the rural cemetery movement?
Why did Egyptian architectural styles inspire Americans in the 1830s?
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61 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revival and Reform in American Architecture
What was the Greek revival?
What does Shaker furniture reveal about Shaker values?
Why did phrenologists favor the octagon as an architectural style?
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