Chapter 15-Aland Islands & Chaco War (Maria, Namrata, Christina, Daniella)
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Transcript of Chapter 15-Aland Islands & Chaco War (Maria, Namrata, Christina, Daniella)
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Aland Islands & Chaco War
Daniella Cuencas, Maria Kim, Namrata Mohan, Christina Yoo
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Aland Islands: Region
Swedish-speaking, autonomous region of Finland
Lies at the entrance to Gulf of Bothnia
Consists of about 35 inhabited islands, 6,500 uninhabitedislands
Rocky reefs
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Aland Islands: Region
Rich Soil in many areas especially in the southeast
Consists of rugged granite to the north
Aland accounts for 70% of the island thus is the largestgroup of islands
Aland is home to about 90% of the Archipelagospopulation
Mariehamn, Aland is the site of the administrative capital,chief seaport, and only town
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Aland Islands: History
Islands were Christianized during the 12th century by SwedishMissionaries
Seized by Russian Tsar Peter I the Great after naval victoryover Sweden in 1714
Russia created the Grand Duchy of Finland, which included theIslands
Aland Islands included in Russia after Duchy of Finland fell in1809 with the promise of no fortifications
1830s Russia began fortifications on the Bomarsund Garrisonin Aland
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Aland Islands: History
After the Crimean War(1856) Russians were defeated byFrance and Britain, and were ordered to declare Aland
Islands a demilitarized zone
In 1856, the Treaty of Paris demilitarized the islands, butRussia used them as a submarine base during WWI
During the time of Russias October Revolution, Finland
declared its independence Finland wanted the Aland Islands, which Russia had
included in the Grand Duchy of Finland
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Aland Islands: The Dispute
The Islanders wanted to rejoin Sweden
Secession from the Grand Duchy of Finland
Request that Sweden annex them
The conflict grew; danger of war
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Aland Islands: The Dispute
The King of Sweden requested that Finland allow the citizens todecide their political future
Both knew that they would choose to rejoin Sweden
Finland refused
The dispute was brought to the attention of the League of Nations bythe people of the Aland Islands and the Swedish government
Sweden and Finland agreed to allow the League of Nations to settlethe dispute
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Aland Islands: League of NationsInvolvement
In 1921, the League of Nations decided to approve the autonomousstatus and demilitarization of the Aland Islands.
Settled in favor of Finland
Guaranteed protection of the Islanders
preservation of the Islands Swedish language, culture and self-government
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Aland Islands: League of NationsInvolvement
Autonomy Act, 1920
Treaty between Finland and Sweden
Guaranteed autonomy, demilitarization, and neutralization forthe Aland Islands
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Aland Islands: League of NationsInvolvement
The Aland Island conflict was the first to be settled directly by theLeague of Nations
The solution was successful because Protection of minority rights
Mutually agreeable and peaceful resolution
The League demonstrated that they were able to successfully resolveconflicts
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Chaco War: Region
Chaco Boreal Region of land is 100,000 square miles in
Northwestern Paraguay, Southeastern Bolivia, andNorthern Argentina
Land is Divided into two regions
West of River Paraguay
East of River Paraguay
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Chaco War: Region
Paraguans uses for land:
Mate (huge export to Argentina) Use river to deliver moneymaking crop to Argentina
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Chaco War: Region
Bolivian uses for land:
Important waterway that connects Bolivia to the World
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Chaco War: History
In 1883 after the War of the Pacific, Bolivia lost its entire
coastline to Chile
Bolivian Politicians demand access to a water way and in1932 declared war against Paraguay
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Chaco War: The Conflict
Fighting began in December 5, 1928 by Paraguay
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Chaco War: The Conflict
Bolivian Advantage:
Larger population German trained military
Heavily armed
Disadvantage:
Low morale Unable to fight in lowlands and swamps
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Chaco War: The Conflict
Paraguayan Advantages:
Trained to fight in swamps and lowlands Withstood the disease rampant in these areas
Withstood onslaught of wildlife in these areas
French trained troops
Disadvantages:
- Smaller military
- Farming economy
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Chaco War: The Conflict
War was not declared officially until May 10, 1933 by
Paraguay, but the war began in earnest in 1932
Paraguays General Jose Estigarribia led first majoroffensive
German General Kundt was in charge of Bolivian forces
Attacked Fort Nanawa
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Chaco War: The Conflict
At this point Paraguay was soundly defeating Bolivia
Bolivian President replaces General Kundt for GeneralPenaranda
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Chaco War: The Conflict
3 week truce ensued in January 1934
At the end of the siesta Estigarribia moved with renewedvigor against Bolivia
At this point in the wars the heaviest fighting occurred atBallivian from March to July
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Chaco War: The Conflict
Truce arranged on June 12, 1935
Chaco Peace Conference
Signed in Buenos Aires on July 21 1938
Paraguay gained most of the land
Bolivia gained access to rivers
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Chaco War: League of NationsInvolvement
League of Nations Involvement: Failure
Intervened in 1928
Negotiations led nowhere
Separate interests
Neither willing to submit to the League
Tried to arrange a truce 1935 with help from Chile andArgentina
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Sources
http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htm
http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conference
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islands
http://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htm
http://www.history.com/topics/chaco-war
http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htmhttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htmhttp://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htm -
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Sources
http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/dg.nsf/(httpSpeechesByYear_en)/6F8D12900389DCE9C12578B700596A36?OpenDocument
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00616FD3C5E10728DDDA00994D1405B808EF1D3
http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=223458&nodeid=15145&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2187689?seq=2