Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Pathology
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Transcript of Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Pathology
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Chapter 13The Respiratory System
Pathology
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Homeostatic Imbalance· Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal
mucosa· Caused by cold viruses and various allergens· Excessive mucus produced results in nasal
congestion and postnasal drip· Nasal cavity infections often extend to
nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses· Sinusitis: sinus inflammation
· Can cause marked changes in voice quality
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Tracheal Obstruction· Life-threatening because trachea is the only way
air can enter the lungs· Can suffocate if choke on a piece of food· Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which the air
in a person’s own lungs is used to “pop out” an obstructing piece of food
· Cracked ribs are a possibility if done incorrectly· Sometimes an emergency tracheostomy (surgical
opening of the trachea) is done to provide an alternate route for air to reach the lungs
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Homeostatic ImbalancesHypoxia: inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues (become cyanotic)
– Carbon monoxide poisoning: a type of hypoxia where carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin; victim becomes confused and has a throbbing headache and then dies
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Slide 13.4b
Cleft Palate· Genetic defect· Failure of the bones forming the palate (hard
and sometimes soft) to fuse medially· Results in breathing, chewing, speaking
difficulties
Cleft of hard and softpalate
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Cleft Lip· Genetic defect· Failure of the tissue
of upper lip to fuse
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Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System· Important birth defects
· Cystic fibrosis – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
· Cleft palate
X-Ray of cystic fibrosis
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Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS)
· Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
· Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center
· One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities
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Asthma· Chronic inflamed hypersensitive
bronchiole passages· Response to irritants with dyspnea,
coughing, and wheezing
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Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)· Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and
emphysema· Major causes of
death and disability in the United States
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Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)· Features of these diseases
· Patients almost always have a history of smoking· Labored breathing (dyspnea) (“air hunger”) becomes
progressively more severe· Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are
common· Most victims retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic, and
have respiratory acidosis· Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory
failure
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Emphysema· Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break
through· Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
(less elastic)· Airways collapse during expiration· Patients use a large amount of energy to
exhale· Overinflation of the lungs leads to a
permanently expanded barrel chest· Cyanosis appears late in the disease (“pink
puffers”)
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Chronic Bronchitis· Mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed· Mucus production increases· Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and
gas exchange· Risk of lung infection increases· Pneumonia is common· Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early (“blue
bloaters”)
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
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Lung Cancer
· Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States
· Increased incidence associated with smoking
· Three common types· Squamous cell carcinoma· Adenocarcinoma· Small cell carcinoma
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Causes and Symptoms ofLung Cancer
• Causes: tuberculosis, air pollution from motor vehicles, factories, etc. The most common cause is due to cigarette smoking,
• About 15% of all lung cancer cases are small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women, and is the most aggressive form of lung cancer.
• Symptoms: bloody sputum, chest pain, cough, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, weight loss, wheezing, facial swelling difficulty, and weakness.
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Could Lung Cancer Cause Death?
• Lung cancer is able to be a cause of death. The lungs fail meaning they fail to have the ability to exchange gasses properly leading to death caused by no oxygen or a build up of C02 . It can be caused by the ventilator or intercostal muscles failing to function or the alveoli fail to perform normal gas exchange.