Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis. Looking Westward Manifest Destiny was one of the factors driving...

Chapter 13Chapter 13

The Impending CrisisThe Impending Crisis

Looking WestwardLooking Westward

Manifest Destiny was one of the factors Manifest Destiny was one of the factors driving white Americans to look to the driving white Americans to look to the west - rested on the idea that America west - rested on the idea that America was destined by God and by history to was destined by God and by history to expand its boundaries over a vast area, expand its boundaries over a vast area, by the end of the 1840s the U.S. had by the end of the 1840s the U.S. had acquired more than 1 million square acquired more than 1 million square miles to get to its current boundarymiles to get to its current boundary

Territorial GrowthTerritorial Growth


John L. O'Sullivan gave the John L. O'Sullivan gave the movement its name, reflected the movement its name, reflected the belief in the superiority of the belief in the superiority of the "American race" (white people of "American race" (white people of northern European origins), some northern European origins), some envisioned a vast new "empire of envisioned a vast new "empire of liberty" that would include Canada, liberty" that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islandsMexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands


Supporters of Manifest Destiny Supporters of Manifest Destiny argued that Indians, Mexicans and argued that Indians, Mexicans and other races in the western regions other races in the western regions were racially unfit to be part of an were racially unfit to be part of an “American” community, the idea of “American” community, the idea of Manifest Destiny was a movement to Manifest Destiny was a movement to spread both a political system and a spread both a political system and a racially defined societyracially defined society


Henry Clay feared that territorial Henry Clay feared that territorial expansion would reopen controversy expansion would reopen controversy over slavery and threaten the over slavery and threaten the stability of the Union, but most stability of the Union, but most Americans supported expansion, Americans supported expansion, especially into Texas and Oregonespecially into Texas and Oregon


In the early 1820’s the Mexican government In the early 1820’s the Mexican government began to encourage American immigration into began to encourage American immigration into Texas hoping to strengthen the economy, Texas hoping to strengthen the economy, increase tax revenue (an 1824 law promised the increase tax revenue (an 1824 law promised the settlers cheap land and a four-year exemption settlers cheap land and a four-year exemption from taxes), and by 1830 7,000 Americans were from taxes), and by 1830 7,000 Americans were living in Texas, more than double the number of living in Texas, more than double the number of Mexicans living there, and most of these Mexicans living there, and most of these Americans were southern planters who brought Americans were southern planters who brought slaves with them and planted cottonslaves with them and planted cotton


Stephen F. Austin established the Stephen F. Austin established the first legal American settlement in first legal American settlement in Texas and was effective in recruiting Texas and was effective in recruiting American immigrants, by 1835, after American immigrants, by 1835, after failed bans on immigration, there failed bans on immigration, there were 30,000 Americans living in were 30,000 Americans living in TexasTexas


General Antonio Lopez de Santa General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized power as dictator, Anna seized power as dictator, imposed a more conservative and imposed a more conservative and autocraticautocratic regime, imprisoned regime, imprisoned Austin claiming that he was Austin claiming that he was encouraging revolts among his fellow encouraging revolts among his fellow AmericansAmericans


Sporadic fighting between Americans and Sporadic fighting between Americans and Mexicans in Texas began in 1835 and Mexicans in Texas began in 1835 and escalated due to debates over slavery, then escalated due to debates over slavery, then in 1836, American settlers proclaimed their in 1836, American settlers proclaimed their independence from Mexico, American independence from Mexico, American soldiers could not even agree who their soldiers could not even agree who their commanders were, Mexican forces commanders were, Mexican forces annihilated an American garrison at the annihilated an American garrison at the Alamo mission in San AntonioAlamo mission in San Antonio


By 1836 Americans were fleeing east By 1836 Americans were fleeing east toward Louisiana to escape Santa toward Louisiana to escape Santa Anna's army, at the Battle of San Anna's army, at the Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston defeated the Jacinto Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army - Santa Ana (a captive Mexican army - Santa Ana (a captive at the time) signed a treaty giving at the time) signed a treaty giving Texas its independenceTexas its independence


Sam Houston hoped to join the Sam Houston hoped to join the Union, citizens in the North opposed Union, citizens in the North opposed acquiring new slave territory, Andrew acquiring new slave territory, Andrew Jackson feared annexation would Jackson feared annexation would cause a dangerous sectional cause a dangerous sectional controversy and delayed recognizing controversy and delayed recognizing the new republic until 1837the new republic until 1837


Texas began to seek money and Texas began to seek money and support from Europe, England and support from Europe, England and France quickly recognized Texas and France quickly recognized Texas and formed trade treaties with Texasformed trade treaties with Texas


Texas reapplied for statehood in Texas reapplied for statehood in 1844, but Secretary of State Calhoun 1844, but Secretary of State Calhoun presented an annexation treaty that presented an annexation treaty that appeared as if its only purpose was appeared as if its only purpose was to extend slavery, Northern senators to extend slavery, Northern senators rebelled and defeated the treaty and rebelled and defeated the treaty and it quickly became the issue of the it quickly became the issue of the election of 1844election of 1844


Both Britain and U.S. claimed Both Britain and U.S. claimed sovereignty over the Oregon Country sovereignty over the Oregon Country (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming), and agreed Montana and Wyoming), and agreed on "joint occupation", mostly on "joint occupation", mostly populated by fur traders populated by fur traders headquartered in Astoriaheadquartered in Astoria


1820's and 1830's missionaries were 1820's and 1830's missionaries were motivated by a desire to counter motivated by a desire to counter Catholic missionaries from Canada, Catholic missionaries from Canada, and the appearance of 4 Nez Pierce and the appearance of 4 Nez Pierce and Flathead Indians in St. Louis in and Flathead Indians in St. Louis in 1831, began to extend their 1831, began to extend their westward missionary efforts westward missionary efforts


In the 1840's, significant numbers of In the 1840's, significant numbers of white Americans began emigrating to white Americans began emigrating to Oregon - devastated the Indian Oregon - devastated the Indian population through measles epidemics, population through measles epidemics, eventually outnumbering the British, eventually outnumbering the British, leading to Manifest Destiny advocates leading to Manifest Destiny advocates urging the U.S. government to take urging the U.S. government to take control of the territorycontrol of the territory


Great Migration Westward was an Great Migration Westward was an arduous journey that hundreds of arduous journey that hundreds of thousands took in search of new thousands took in search of new opportunities, most traveled in family opportunities, most traveled in family groups (until the gold rush in 1849 that groups (until the gold rush in 1849 that brought large numbers of single men) brought large numbers of single men) most were relatively prosperous and most were relatively prosperous and the primary method of transport was a the primary method of transport was a covered wagoncovered wagon

Western Trials in 1860Western Trials in 1860


Men looked to make money in mining and Men looked to make money in mining and lumbering, families looked to start farms, lumbering, families looked to start farms, some hoped to strike it rich after the 1848 some hoped to strike it rich after the 1848 discovery of gold in California, others hoped discovery of gold in California, others hoped to make money off of land speculation, to make money off of land speculation, some tried to become merchants to serve some tried to become merchants to serve the new communities of the West, still the new communities of the West, still others came on religious missions or tried to others came on religious missions or tried to escape the epidemics plaguing the cities escape the epidemics plaguing the cities back eastback east


Most migrants (about 300,000 between Most migrants (about 300,000 between 1840 and 1860) traveled west along 1840 and 1860) traveled west along the great overland trails that started in the great overland trails that started in Independence, Missouri, St. Joseph, Independence, Missouri, St. Joseph, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa in Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa in wagon trains carrying their belongings wagon trains carrying their belongings with them in covered wagons with with them in covered wagons with livestock trailing behind livestock trailing behind


The main route west was the Oregon The main route west was the Oregon Trail which stretched from Trail which stretched from Independence, Missouri across the Great Independence, Missouri across the Great Plains through the South Pass of the Plains through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains into Oregon or south Rocky Mountains into Oregon or south along the California Trail to the Northern along the California Trail to the Northern California coast, still other migrants went California coast, still other migrants went south from Independence, Missouri along south from Independence, Missouri along the Santa Fe Trail into New Mexicothe Santa Fe Trail into New Mexico


Most journeys lasted 5 or 6 months Most journeys lasted 5 or 6 months and there was considerable pressure and there was considerable pressure to get through the Rockies before the to get through the Rockies before the snows began, which was not easy snows began, which was not easy considering that most wagon trains considering that most wagon trains averaged about 15 miles a day averaged about 15 miles a day


Thousands of migrants died on trails of Thousands of migrants died on trails of cholera during the epidemics of the early cholera during the epidemics of the early 1850s, while fewer than 400 migrants (1 1850s, while fewer than 400 migrants (1 tenth of 1%) died in conflicts with the tenth of 1%) died in conflicts with the Native tribes, in fact Indians were often Native tribes, in fact Indians were often more helpful than dangerous to the more helpful than dangerous to the migrants often serving as guides/aides, and migrants often serving as guides/aides, and there was an extensive trade in horses, there was an extensive trade in horses, clothing and fresh food between the clothing and fresh food between the migrants and the nativesmigrants and the natives


Life on the Trail – Men/Women, Life on the Trail – Men/Women, Walking, Collective ExperienceWalking, Collective Experience

Expansion and WarExpansion and War

Election of 1844 - Henry Clay was the Election of 1844 - Henry Clay was the nominee of the Whigs, the Democrats passed nominee of the Whigs, the Democrats passed over Martin Van Buren led by southerners over Martin Van Buren led by southerners who supported the annexation of Texas and who supported the annexation of Texas and instead nominated James K. Polk, who was in instead nominated James K. Polk, who was in favor of reoccupation of both Oregon and favor of reoccupation of both Oregon and Texas territory, James K. Polk won the Texas territory, James K. Polk won the Presidency “the re-occupation of Oregon and Presidency “the re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period are great American practicable period are great American measures”measures”


Polk asserted the American claim to Polk asserted the American claim to all of the Oregon country after the all of the Oregon country after the British rebuffed Polk’s compromise of British rebuffed Polk’s compromise of dividing the territory at the 49dividing the territory at the 49thth parallel, there was loose talk of war parallel, there was loose talk of war (54’40 or fight) but neither country (54’40 or fight) but neither country wanted warwanted war

The Oregon Boundary 1846The Oregon Boundary 1846


In December 1845 Texas became a In December 1845 Texas became a state under Polk's administration, state under Polk's administration, and the British accepted Polk's and the British accepted Polk's proposal to divide the Oregon proposal to divide the Oregon territory at the 49th parallelterritory at the 49th parallel


Mexican-American relations grew Mexican-American relations grew worse when a dispute developed worse when a dispute developed over the boundary between Texas over the boundary between Texas and Mexico, the Texans claimed the and Mexico, the Texans claimed the Rio Grande River as their western Rio Grande River as their western and southern border, Mexico argued and southern border, Mexico argued that the border had always been the that the border had always been the Nueces River, north of the Rio Nueces River, north of the Rio GrandeGrande


In 1820 Mexico invited American In 1820 Mexico invited American settlers into New Mexico to help out settlers into New Mexico to help out the economic situation in that the economic situation in that territory by the 1830’s it had become territory by the 1830’s it had become more American than Mexican, a more American than Mexican, a flourishing commerce developed flourishing commerce developed between Santa Fe and between Santa Fe and Independence, Missouri along the Independence, Missouri along the Santa Fe TrailSanta Fe Trail


In the Mexican province of California, In the Mexican province of California, white Americans gradually began to white Americans gradually began to arrive (maritime traders, captains of arrive (maritime traders, captains of whaling ships, merchants, and whaling ships, merchants, and farmers)farmers)


Polk began to dream of bringing California Polk began to dream of bringing California and New Mexico into the U.S., he and New Mexico into the U.S., he dispatched troops under Zachary Taylor dispatched troops under Zachary Taylor into Texas, and gave secret instructions to into Texas, and gave secret instructions to the commander of the Pacific naval the commander of the Pacific naval squadron to seize the California ports if squadron to seize the California ports if Mexico declared war and quietly informed Mexico declared war and quietly informed Americans in California that the U.S. would Americans in California that the U.S. would respond sympathetically if the rebelled respond sympathetically if the rebelled against Mexican authoritiesagainst Mexican authorities


John Slidell was sent to try and buy off John Slidell was sent to try and buy off the Mexicans but they rejected his the Mexicans but they rejected his offer to purchase the disputed offer to purchase the disputed territory, so Polk ordered U.S. troops territory, so Polk ordered U.S. troops to move further south across the to move further south across the Nueces River to the Rio Grande River, Nueces River to the Rio Grande River, according to disputed accounts according to disputed accounts Mexican troops crossed the Rio Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande River and fired on U.S. troops.Grande River and fired on U.S. troops.


Polk went to Congress and asked for Polk went to Congress and asked for a declaration of war ("War exists by a declaration of war ("War exists by the act of Mexico herself”) and the act of Mexico herself”) and Congress declared war on May 13, Congress declared war on May 13, 1846 by a vote of 40 to 2 in the 1846 by a vote of 40 to 2 in the Senate and a vote of 174 to 14 in the Senate and a vote of 174 to 14 in the House of Representatives House of Representatives


There were many opponents of the war There were many opponents of the war in the United States; Whigs argued Polk in the United States; Whigs argued Polk deliberately maneuvered the country deliberately maneuvered the country into the war, others argued that the war into the war, others argued that the war with Mexico was draining with Mexico was draining resources/attention away from the resources/attention away from the Pacific Northwest, and when Polk Pacific Northwest, and when Polk resolves the dispute with Britain, resolves the dispute with Britain, opponents claim he settled for less than opponents claim he settled for less than he should have gottenhe should have gotten

The Mexican War 1846-1848


Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to seize Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to seize Monterrey and then to march on to Monterrey and then to march on to Mexico City, in New Mexico a small Mexico City, in New Mexico a small army under Colonel Stephen W. army under Colonel Stephen W. Kearny captured Santa Fe without Kearny captured Santa Fe without opposition and then marched toward opposition and then marched toward California where a conflict was being California where a conflict was being waged between Americans under John waged between Americans under John C. Fremont and the Mexican armyC. Fremont and the Mexican army


Bear Flag Revolution – Kearny Bear Flag Revolution – Kearny brought the disparate American brought the disparate American forces together and by autumn of forces together and by autumn of 1846 completed the conquest of 1846 completed the conquest of CaliforniaCalifornia


Under Winfield Scott, the U.S. army Under Winfield Scott, the U.S. army landed at Vera Cruz and marched to landed at Vera Cruz and marched to Mexico City, a new Mexican Mexico City, a new Mexican government took power and agreed government took power and agreed to negotiations with the USto negotiations with the US


Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican War with Mexico the Mexican War with Mexico agreeing to cede California and New agreeing to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledged Mexico to the US and acknowledged the Rio Grande River as the southern the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas, the U.S. was to boundary of Texas, the U.S. was to pay $15 million in compensation for pay $15 million in compensation for Mexican lossesMexican losses

The Sectional DebateThe Sectional Debate

Wilmot Proviso – Representative Wilmot Proviso – Representative David Wilmot (antislavery Democrat) David Wilmot (antislavery Democrat) introduced an amendment to the introduced an amendment to the appropriations bill, prohibiting appropriations bill, prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico - passed the House failed in Mexico - passed the House failed in the Senatethe Senate


President Polk supported a proposal President Polk supported a proposal to extend the Missouri Compromise to extend the Missouri Compromise line through the new territories to line through the new territories to the Pacific Coast, others supported a the Pacific Coast, others supported a plan allowing “squatter sovereignty” plan allowing “squatter sovereignty” (Popular Sovereignty) that would (Popular Sovereignty) that would allow the people of each territory to allow the people of each territory to decide the status of slavery theredecide the status of slavery there


In the election of 1848 Whigs and In the election of 1848 Whigs and Democrats tried to avoid the slavery Democrats tried to avoid the slavery question, the Whigs nominated question, the Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor (Mexican war General Zachary Taylor (Mexican war hero), while the Democrats hero), while the Democrats nominated Lewis Cassnominated Lewis Cass


The Free Soil Party emerged out of The Free Soil Party emerged out of the discontent of the opponents of the discontent of the opponents of slavery, who found the choice of slavery, who found the choice of candidates unsatisfying, and candidates unsatisfying, and nominated Martin Van Burennominated Martin Van Buren


The emergence of the Free Soil party as The emergence of the Free Soil party as an important political force (10% of the an important political force (10% of the vote and 10 Congressmen elected) vote and 10 Congressmen elected) signaled the inability of the existing signaled the inability of the existing parties to contain the political passions parties to contain the political passions slavery was creating - an important part slavery was creating - an important part of a process that would lead to the of a process that would lead to the collapse of the second party system in collapse of the second party system in the 1850'sthe 1850's


Zachary Taylor won the election of Zachary Taylor won the election of 1848 in a narrow victory over Van 1848 in a narrow victory over Van BurenBuren


In 1848 James Marshall found gold In 1848 James Marshall found gold while working in John Sutter’s while working in John Sutter’s sawmills in the Sierra Nevada sawmills in the Sierra Nevada foothills and the gold rush was on, foothills and the gold rush was on, the population increased from the population increased from 14,000 in 1848 to over 220,000 in 14,000 in 1848 to over 220,000 in 18521852


Forty-Niners abandoned farms, jobs, Forty-Niners abandoned farms, jobs, homes and families and moved west homes and families and moved west to California in search of Gold, mostly to California in search of Gold, mostly (95%) male led to a tremendously (95%) male led to a tremendously unstable societyunstable society


Chinese in California became free laborers Chinese in California became free laborers and merchants looking for gold, or to and merchants looking for gold, or to profit from the economic opportunities the profit from the economic opportunities the gold boom was creating, the Indians were gold boom was creating, the Indians were not as fortunate and were virtually not as fortunate and were virtually enslaved or killed by “Indian hunters” (the enslaved or killed by “Indian hunters” (the Indian population of California went from Indian population of California went from 150,000 in the early 1850s to 30,000 in 150,000 in the early 1850s to 30,000 in 1870)1870)


The population of California surged The population of California surged and encompassed such groups as and encompassed such groups as Chinese, Mexicans, free blacks, Chinese, Mexicans, free blacks, slaves, Europeans, and white slaves, Europeans, and white AmericansAmericans


President Taylor believed that each President Taylor believed that each state should chose whether or not to state should chose whether or not to allow slavery, and urged California to allow slavery, and urged California to apply for statehood as a free stateapply for statehood as a free state

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY


Causes of discontent among North and South - Causes of discontent among North and South - antislavery forces attempted to abolish slavery antislavery forces attempted to abolish slavery in DC, the emergence of in DC, the emergence of personal liberty personal liberty laws laws which barred states from helping to which barred states from helping to return runaway slaves, the fear that the two return runaway slaves, the fear that the two new free states (California and New Mexico, new free states (California and New Mexico, plus possibly Oregon and Utah) would upset plus possibly Oregon and Utah) would upset the balance in Congress (15 – 15 in the the balance in Congress (15 – 15 in the Senate) and leave the South in the minority as Senate) and leave the South in the minority as it already was in the House of Representativesit already was in the House of Representatives


Henry Clay proposed a solution – the Henry Clay proposed a solution – the admission of California as a free state, admission of California as a free state, the formation of territorial governments the formation of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired from in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico without restrictions on slavery, Mexico without restrictions on slavery, the abolition of the slave trade in DC, the abolition of the slave trade in DC, and a new more effective fugitive slave and a new more effective fugitive slave law, but Congress did not pass the law, but Congress did not pass the proposed compromiseproposed compromise

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California becomes a free stateCalifornia becomes a free state South gets a more stringent Fugitive South gets a more stringent Fugitive

Slave Law. Slave Law. Slavery is recognized in the District Slavery is recognized in the District

of Columbiaof Columbia Slave Trade is banned in the District Slave Trade is banned in the District

of Columbiaof Columbia

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850


Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster left the Senate and were replaced Webster left the Senate and were replaced by by William SewardWilliam Seward, a northerner who , a northerner who staunchly opposed any compromise, the staunchly opposed any compromise, the ideals of Union were less important than ideals of Union were less important than the issue of eliminating slavery, the issue of eliminating slavery, Jefferson Jefferson DavisDavis, a pro-slavery southerner, and , a pro-slavery southerner, and Stephen A. DouglassStephen A. Douglass, a westerner who , a westerner who advocated economic interests advocated economic interests


Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor died while in office and died while in office and was succeeded by was succeeded by Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore, who , who unlike Taylor supported the Compromise unlike Taylor supported the Compromise of 1850, of 1850, Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas broke up the broke up the compromise into small parts, which were compromise into small parts, which were to be passed individually, The to be passed individually, The Compromise of 1850 was not a product of Compromise of 1850 was not a product of widespread agreement, but it did briefly widespread agreement, but it did briefly pacify the emerging sectional conflictpacify the emerging sectional conflict

The Crises of the 1850’sThe Crises of the 1850’s

In the election of 1852, the In the election of 1852, the Democrats nominated Democrats nominated Franklin Franklin PiercePierce, the Whigs nominated , the Whigs nominated Winfield Scott, both candidates Winfield Scott, both candidates avoided issue of slavery - out of avoided issue of slavery - out of discontent many flocked to the Free discontent many flocked to the Free Soil Party who had nominated John P. Soil Party who had nominated John P. HaleHale

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection


√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Electio

n Result

s

1852Electio

n Result

s


Franklin Pierce won the election of Franklin Pierce won the election of 1852 and supported a movement 1852 and supported a movement known as 'known as ''young America"'young America", which , which saw the expansion of American saw the expansion of American democracy throughout the world as a democracy throughout the world as a way to divert attention from the way to divert attention from the controversies over slaverycontroversies over slavery


Pierce attempted to buy Cuba from Pierce attempted to buy Cuba from Spain – a group of his envoys sent Spain – a group of his envoys sent him the him the Ostend Manifesto Ostend Manifesto in 1854, in 1854, which made the case of seizing Cuba which made the case of seizing Cuba by force, this enraged many by force, this enraged many antislavery Northernersantislavery Northerners


Interest in further development of the Interest in further development of the west (most of the territory could be west (most of the territory could be farmed) resulted in dislodging of Indian farmed) resulted in dislodging of Indian tribes, broad support began to emerge tribes, broad support began to emerge for building a for building a transcontinental rail transcontinental rail roadroad, there was a strong debate about , there was a strong debate about where to place its eastern terminus, where to place its eastern terminus, northerners favored Chicago, southerners northerners favored Chicago, southerners wanted New Orleans or St. Louiswanted New Orleans or St. Louis


Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase – the US bought – the US bought a strip of land for $10 million a strip of land for $10 million (southern parts of Arizona and New (southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico) from Mexico, which enabled Mexico) from Mexico, which enabled a southern route to become possiblea southern route to become possible


In an effort to allow the railroad to go In an effort to allow the railroad to go through Chicago, Stephen Douglas through Chicago, Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to organize a huge introduced a bill to organize a huge new territorynew territory


Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 – the – the status of slavery in the territory would status of slavery in the territory would be determined by Popular Sovereignty, be determined by Popular Sovereignty, repealed the Missouri Compromise in repealed the Missouri Compromise in an effort to attract Southern support an effort to attract Southern support for the bill, it became law in 1854 with for the bill, it became law in 1854 with the unanimous support of the South the unanimous support of the South and partial support of the Northand partial support of the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)


The result of the Kansas-Nebraska The result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was that the Whig party almost Act was that the Whig party almost entirely disappeared by 1856, the entirely disappeared by 1856, the Democratic Party was divided into Democratic Party was divided into northern and southern groups, and northern and southern groups, and those outraged at the repeal of the those outraged at the repeal of the Missouri Compromise created a new Missouri Compromise created a new party, the Republican Party in 1854 party, the Republican Party in 1854


Following the passage of the Kansas-Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act white settlers from both the Nebraska Act white settlers from both the south and the north moved into Kansas, and south and the north moved into Kansas, and in the spring of 1855 an election was held to in the spring of 1855 an election was held to select the territorial legislature, there were select the territorial legislature, there were 1,500 legal voters in Kansas but thousands 1,500 legal voters in Kansas but thousands of Missourians swelled the vote in Kansas to of Missourians swelled the vote in Kansas to 6,000 and resulted in a pro-slavery 6,000 and resulted in a pro-slavery legislature that immediately legalized legislature that immediately legalized slaveryslavery


Outraged free-staters elected their own Outraged free-staters elected their own delegates to a constitutional convention delegates to a constitutional convention which met in Topeka and adopted a which met in Topeka and adopted a constitution outlawing slavery, then they constitution outlawing slavery, then they chose their own governor and legislature chose their own governor and legislature and petitioned Congress for statehood, and petitioned Congress for statehood, President Pierce deemed them traitors President Pierce deemed them traitors and he gave his full support to the pro-and he gave his full support to the pro-slavery legislatureslavery legislature


A pro-slavery federal marshal A pro-slavery federal marshal assembled a large posse (made up assembled a large posse (made up mostly of Missourians) to arrest the mostly of Missourians) to arrest the free-state leaders who had set up free-state leaders who had set up their headquarters in their headquarters in LawrenceLawrence, , Kansas. The posse sacked the town, Kansas. The posse sacked the town, burned the “governors” house, and burned the “governors” house, and destroyed several printing pressesdestroyed several printing presses


John Brown John Brown (who believed that he was (who believed that he was God’s instrument to destroy slavery) moved God’s instrument to destroy slavery) moved to Kansas with his sons so they could fight to Kansas with his sons so they could fight to make it a free state. After the sacking of to make it a free state. After the sacking of Lawrence he gathered six followers Lawrence he gathered six followers (including four of his sons) and murdered (including four of his sons) and murdered five pro-slavery settlers leaving their five pro-slavery settlers leaving their mutilated bodies to discourage other mutilated bodies to discourage other supporters of slavery from entering Kansas supporters of slavery from entering Kansas (known as the (known as the Pottawatomie MassacrePottawatomie Massacre))


The violence in Kansas during the The violence in Kansas during the mid-1850s became known as mid-1850s became known as “Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas” and was and was characterized by guerrilla warfarecharacterized by guerrilla warfare

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

The Crises of the 1850’sThe Crises of the 1850’s Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts (a Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts (a

militant and passionate opposition of slavery) militant and passionate opposition of slavery) gave a speech entitled “The Crime Against gave a speech entitled “The Crime Against Kansas” on the Senate floor which made reference Kansas” on the Senate floor which made reference to Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina to Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina “chosen a mistress…who, though ugly to others, is “chosen a mistress…who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him, though polluted in the sight always lovely to him, though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight…the harlot of the world, is chaste in his sight…the harlot slavery” - brutally beaten by Preston Brooks slavery” - brutally beaten by Preston Brooks (Butler’s nephew) on the floor of the Senate with a (Butler’s nephew) on the floor of the Senate with a heavy cane, both became heroes in their sectionsheavy cane, both became heroes in their sections

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)


Northern beliefs centered around the idea Northern beliefs centered around the idea of "free soil" or "free labor", argued for the of "free soil" or "free labor", argued for the right of all citizens to own property, right of all citizens to own property, control their own labor and have access to control their own labor and have access to opportunity for advancement, the South opportunity for advancement, the South was a closed, static society, in which was a closed, static society, in which slavery preserved an entrenched slavery preserved an entrenched aristocracy and in which common whites aristocracy and in which common whites had no opportunity to improve themselves had no opportunity to improve themselves


Slave Power Conspiracy Slave Power Conspiracy believed the believed the south was engaged in a conspiracy to south was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and extend slavery throughout the nation and destroy openness of northern capitalism destroy openness of northern capitalism and replace it with an aristocracy and replace it with an aristocracy supported by slavery, the only solution supported by slavery, the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation’s democratic ideals extend the nation’s democratic ideals (free-labor) to all sections of the country(free-labor) to all sections of the country


This ideology was the main idea of This ideology was the main idea of the Republican Party and the Republican Party and strengthened the commitment of strengthened the commitment of Republicans to the Union, continued Republicans to the Union, continued growth and progress was central to growth and progress was central to the free-labor vision and the the free-labor vision and the dismemberment of the Union was dismemberment of the Union was unthinkableunthinkable

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.


The South was beginning to dig in its The South was beginning to dig in its heels over the issue of slavery as a heels over the issue of slavery as a result of Nat Turner’s rebellion result of Nat Turner’s rebellion (1831), the expansion of the cotton (1831), the expansion of the cotton economy throughout the Deep economy throughout the Deep South, the growth of the abolitionist South, the growth of the abolitionist movement, and the publication of movement, and the publication of Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000

copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

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The Pro-Slavery ArgumentThe Pro-Slavery Argument, John C. Calhoun , John C. Calhoun stated that southerners should stop apologizing stated that southerners should stop apologizing for slavery, and regard it as a for slavery, and regard it as a positive good positive good – it – it was good for the slaves who were better treated was good for the slaves who were better treated than factory workers up north, it was good for than factory workers up north, it was good for southern society because it allowed the two races southern society because it allowed the two races to live in peace, good for the whole country to live in peace, good for the whole country because the southern cotton economy was the because the southern cotton economy was the key to the prosperity of the nation, and was good key to the prosperity of the nation, and was good because it served as the basis for the southern because it served as the basis for the southern way of lifeway of life


They believed that the south was a They believed that the south was a stable, orderly society that operated stable, orderly society that operated at a slow and human pace, one that at a slow and human pace, one that was free from feuds between capital was free from feuds between capital and labor like the ones plaguing the and labor like the ones plaguing the North, and did not have crowded, North, and did not have crowded, pestilential citiespestilential cities


In the In the Election of 1856Election of 1856, the Democratic , the Democratic candidate was James Buchanan, the candidate was James Buchanan, the Republican candidate was John C. Fremont Republican candidate was John C. Fremont who denounced the Kansas- Nebraska Act who denounced the Kansas- Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery, and and the expansion of slavery, and endorsed internal improvements and endorsed internal improvements and economic aspirations of the North, and the economic aspirations of the North, and the Whigs (just a sad remnant of what they Whigs (just a sad remnant of what they were) nominated Millard Fillmorewere) nominated Millard Fillmore



√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig


Buchanan won the election of 1856 Buchanan won the election of 1856 by a narrow vote, just a shift of a few by a narrow vote, just a shift of a few votes in Illinois and Pennsylvania votes in Illinois and Pennsylvania would have given the election to the would have given the election to the Republicans, but ominously, Fremont Republicans, but ominously, Fremont got almost no votes in the South got almost no votes in the South while outpolling all the other while outpolling all the other candidates in the Northcandidates in the North

1856Electio

n Results

1856Electio

n Results


Dred Scott vs Sandford (1857) Dred Scott vs Sandford (1857) Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, sued his Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, sued his master for freedom on the grounds master for freedom on the grounds that he was living on free territory that he was living on free territory when his master took into Illinois and when his master took into Illinois and Wisconsin, the claim was well Wisconsin, the claim was well grounded in Missouri law and a circuit grounded in Missouri law and a circuit court decision declared him free,court decision declared him free,

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857


Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that Scott could not bring a suit in the Scott could not bring a suit in the federal courts because he was not a federal courts because he was not a citizen (blacks had no claim to citizen (blacks had no claim to citizenship and virtually no rights under citizenship and virtually no rights under the Constitution), slaves were property the Constitution), slaves were property and the 5and the 5thth Amendment prohibited Amendment prohibited Congress from taking property without Congress from taking property without “due process of the law”“due process of the law”


Congress possessed no authority to pass Congress possessed no authority to pass a law depriving persons of their slave a law depriving persons of their slave property in the territories and the Missouri property in the territories and the Missouri Compromise had always been Compromise had always been unconstitutional, Southerners were elated unconstitutional, Southerners were elated and the Republicans threatened that and the Republicans threatened that when they won control of the government when they won control of the government they would pack the Supreme Court with they would pack the Supreme Court with justices who would overturn the decisionjustices who would overturn the decision


President Buchanan endorsed the Dred Scott President Buchanan endorsed the Dred Scott decision and supported Kansas’ admission to decision and supported Kansas’ admission to the Union as a slave state, which caused the the Union as a slave state, which caused the pro-slavery legislature in Kansas to choose pro-slavery legislature in Kansas to choose delegates to a constitutional convention, which delegates to a constitutional convention, which the free-state residents refused to participate in the free-state residents refused to participate in because the legislature discriminated against because the legislature discriminated against them in drawing the district lines, as a result the them in drawing the district lines, as a result the pro-slavery forces won control of the convention pro-slavery forces won control of the convention which met at Lecompton, Kansas in 1857which met at Lecompton, Kansas in 1857


The Lecompton constitution legalized The Lecompton constitution legalized slavery, and the delegates who wrote it slavery, and the delegates who wrote it refused to put it to vote in Kansas, at the refused to put it to vote in Kansas, at the next election for the territorial legislature next election for the territorial legislature the free-state residents turned out to vote the free-state residents turned out to vote and won control of the legislature, they and won control of the legislature, they promptly put the Lecompton constitution promptly put the Lecompton constitution to a vote of the residents of Kansas who to a vote of the residents of Kansas who rejected it by more than 10,000 votesrejected it by more than 10,000 votes


It was clear that the majority of Kansas It was clear that the majority of Kansas residents opposed slavery but President residents opposed slavery but President Buchanan pressured Congress to admit Buchanan pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution as Kansas under the Lecompton constitution as a slave state, western Democrats resisted a slave state, western Democrats resisted and the bill died in the House, in April 1858 and the bill died in the House, in April 1858 the Lecompton constitution was put before the Lecompton constitution was put before the voters of Kansas again and again it was the voters of Kansas again and again it was defeated, Kansas was admitted as a free defeated, Kansas was admitted as a free state in 1861 after the Deep South succeededstate in 1861 after the Deep South succeeded


In the Congressional elections of In the Congressional elections of 1858 the sectional crisis was the 1858 the sectional crisis was the main issue and the main election was main issue and the main election was in Illinois between the Democrat in Illinois between the Democrat Stephen Douglas and the Republican Stephen Douglas and the Republican Abraham Lincoln who engaged in a Abraham Lincoln who engaged in a series of debates throughout the series of debates throughout the statestate


Lincoln did not care whether slavery “was voted Lincoln did not care whether slavery “was voted up or voted down”, he argued that if the nation up or voted down”, he argued that if the nation could accept that blacks were not entitled to could accept that blacks were not entitled to basic human rights then it could accept that basic human rights then it could accept that other groups (immigrant laborers) could be other groups (immigrant laborers) could be deprived of rights too, and that if slavery spread deprived of rights too, and that if slavery spread into the territories opportunities for poor white into the territories opportunities for poor white laborers would lose their opportunities to better laborers would lose their opportunities to better their lots there, the nation’s future rested on their lots there, the nation’s future rested on the spread of free laborthe spread of free labor

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

The Crises of the 1850’sThe Crises of the 1850’s Lincoln believed that slavery was morally Lincoln believed that slavery was morally

wrong but he was not an abolitionist, he wrong but he was not an abolitionist, he could not see an easy alternative for areas could not see an easy alternative for areas in which slavery already existed, he in which slavery already existed, he believed that the black race was not believed that the black race was not prepared to live on equal terms with whites, prepared to live on equal terms with whites, therefore he was prepared to challenge the therefore he was prepared to challenge the spread of slavery into the federal territories spread of slavery into the federal territories but would not challenge it where it already but would not challenge it where it already existedexisted


Lincoln lost the election for the U.S. Lincoln lost the election for the U.S. Senate in 1858 but his debates put Senate in 1858 but his debates put him at the top of the list for him at the top of the list for Republican presidential hopefuls Republican presidential hopefuls heading into the election of 1860, heading into the election of 1860, the Democrats lost ground in every the Democrats lost ground in every Northern state and lost control of the Northern state and lost control of the House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives


On October 16, 1859 John Brown led a raid On October 16, 1859 John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA on the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA hoping to start a slave insurrection in the hoping to start a slave insurrection in the South, his plan was an utter failure and he South, his plan was an utter failure and he was quickly surrounded by a company of was quickly surrounded by a company of U.S. troops under the leadership of Robert U.S. troops under the leadership of Robert E. Lee, John Brown was captured, tried in a E. Lee, John Brown was captured, tried in a Virginia court for treason against the state, Virginia court for treason against the state, found guilty, and was sentenced to death found guilty, and was sentenced to death and hungand hung


Most southerners believed that John Most southerners believed that John Brown’s Raid had the support of the Brown’s Raid had the support of the Republican Party (which it did not) Republican Party (which it did not) and they were firmly convinced that and they were firmly convinced that they could not live safely in the they could not live safely in the Union since the North was supporting Union since the North was supporting slave insurrectionsslave insurrections

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859


The Presidential Election of 1860 saw the The Presidential Election of 1860 saw the Democratic Party split along sectional Democratic Party split along sectional lines, the southerners demanded a lines, the southerners demanded a strong endorsement of slavery, while the strong endorsement of slavery, while the westerners supported the idea of westerners supported the idea of popular sovereignty, the northern popular sovereignty, the northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas, Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas, the southern Democrats nominated John the southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge.C. Breckenridge.

18601860PresidentiPresidenti

alalElectionElection

18601860PresidentiPresidenti

alalElectionElection

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern

Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern

Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

The Election of 1860The Election of 1860


A group of conservative Whigs called A group of conservative Whigs called themselves the Constitutional Union themselves the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell, and the Party and nominated John Bell, and the Republican Party nominated Abraham Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln who ran on the platform of a Lincoln who ran on the platform of a high tariff, internal improvements, a high tariff, internal improvements, a homestead bill, and the right of each homestead bill, and the right of each state to decide the status of slavery state to decide the status of slavery within its borderwithin its border

Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].


Abraham Lincoln – 180 electoral Abraham Lincoln – 180 electoral votes, 39.8% of the popular votevotes, 39.8% of the popular vote

John C. Breckenridge – 72 electoral John C. Breckenridge – 72 electoral votes, 18.1% of the popular votevotes, 18.1% of the popular vote

John Bell – 39 electoral votes, 12.6% John Bell – 39 electoral votes, 12.6% of the popular voteof the popular vote

Stephen Douglas – 12 electoral votes, Stephen Douglas – 12 electoral votes, 29.5% of the popular vote29.5% of the popular vote

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results


The Republicans failed to win a The Republicans failed to win a majority in Congress, but majority in Congress, but nonetheless many southerners felt nonetheless many southerners felt they could not stay in the Union and they could not stay in the Union and the process of succession beganthe process of succession began

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to

Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to

Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis. Looking Westward Manifest Destiny was one of the factors driving...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis. Looking Westward Manifest Destiny was one of the factors driving...