Chapter 12 NotesChapter 12 NotesManifest DestinyManifest Destiny

1818-18531818-1853

The Oregon CountryThe Oregon CountryRivalry in the NorthwestRivalry in the Northwest 1) Area between Pacific Ocean & 1) Area between Pacific Ocean &

Rocky Rocky Mountains (north of Mountains (north of California)California)2) 4 Nations claim it – U.S., Spain, 2) 4 Nations claim it – U.S., Spain, Great Britain, & RussiaGreat Britain, & Russia

A. A. Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty 1) Spanish only claim to N. border of 1) Spanish only claim to N. border of

CaliforniaCalifornia 2) British & U.S. agree to joint 2) British & U.S. agree to joint occupation of Oregon Countryoccupation of Oregon Country

B. B. Mountain MenMountain Men1) First Americans in Oregon were fur 1) First Americans in Oregon were fur traderstraders2) Most spent time in Rocky Mtns. 2) Most spent time in Rocky Mtns. Trapping beaversTrapping beavers3) 3) Robert StuartRobert Stuart & & Jedediah SmithJedediah Smith – – found South Pass that later became found South Pass that later became main route to Oregonmain route to Oregon

Jedediah Smith’s Explorations to Jedediah Smith’s Explorations to the Westthe West

Oregon & Manifest DestinyOregon & Manifest Destiny* Many Americans believed God gave entire * Many Americans believed God gave entire

continent to us & wanted us to settle the westcontinent to us & wanted us to settle the westA. A. The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

1) Early 1840s – 1) Early 1840s – “Oregon Fever”“Oregon Fever” hit hit 2) Wanted to escape the hard times of the Panic of 2) Wanted to escape the hard times of the Panic of

1837 – for fertile land in Oregon1837 – for fertile land in OregonB. B. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

1) Many Americans felt we needed to spread our 1) Many Americans felt we needed to spread our freedom & democracy across entire continent freedom & democracy across entire continent

2) 2) John O’Sullivan (N.Y. newspaper editor) John O’Sullivan (N.Y. newspaper editor) credited with the phrase credited with the phrase Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny 3) Destined – set apart by God to3) Destined – set apart by God to expand to Pacific expand to Pacific

OceanOcean 4) 1846 – British & U.S. compromise & set Oregon 4) 1846 – British & U.S. compromise & set Oregon

boundary line at boundary line at 49 degrees lat.49 degrees lat.

Independence for TexasIndependence for TexasA Clash of CulturesA Clash of Cultures

1) Disagreement between U.S. & Spain – was present day 1) Disagreement between U.S. & Spain – was present day TX part of Louisiana Purchase?TX part of Louisiana Purchase?

A. A. Land GrantsLand Grants 1) Large areas of land were given away for settlement in TX1) Large areas of land were given away for settlement in TX 2) Stephen F. Austin led this settlement in 18212) Stephen F. Austin led this settlement in 1821 3) To receive this land, settlers had to agree to learn 3) To receive this land, settlers had to agree to learn Spanish, convert to Catholic religion, & obey Mexican lawSpanish, convert to Catholic religion, & obey Mexican law

B. B. Growing TensionsGrowing Tensions1) 1830- most settlers in TX were from U.S.1) 1830- most settlers in TX were from U.S.2) Hadn’t adopted Mexican ways2) Hadn’t adopted Mexican ways3) Mexican govt. sets official border between TX & U.S.3) Mexican govt. sets official border between TX & U.S.4) Wouldn’t allow trade with U.S. & U.S. citizens no longer 4) Wouldn’t allow trade with U.S. & U.S. citizens no longer

allowed to settle in TXallowed to settle in TX

The Struggle for IndependenceThe Struggle for IndependenceA. A. The Battle of the AlamoThe Battle of the Alamo

1) Mission building in San Antonio1) Mission building in San Antonio 2) Brave leaders: Davy Crockett, 2) Brave leaders: Davy Crockett,

Jim Bowie, & William TravisJim Bowie, & William Travis 3) Lasted for 12 days – Mexicans 3) Lasted for 12 days – Mexicans finally finally killed all defenderskilled all defenders 4) Even in defeat, they bring Texans 4) Even in defeat, they bring Texans

together & buy time to gather together & buy time to gather suppliessupplies

B. B. Texas Declares its IndependenceTexas Declares its Independence 1) Declared Independence on March 1) Declared Independence on March

2, 2, 1836 – 1836 – Republic of TexasRepublic of TexasC. C. Lone Star RepublicLone Star Republic

1) Sam Houston elected Pres. of TX1) Sam Houston elected Pres. of TX 2) Asks to be annexed by U.S. – 2) Asks to be annexed by U.S. – refused to keep slave & free state refused to keep slave & free state power power equalequal

D. D. Road to StatehoodRoad to Statehood 1) Texas joins Union in 18451) Texas joins Union in 1845

Sam Houston

War with MexicoWar with MexicoThe New Mexico TerritoryThe New Mexico Territory * Area that included present day New * Area that included present day New

Mexico, Arizona, Utah, & Mexico, Arizona, Utah, & NevadaNevada

* Americans used Santa Fe Trail to * Americans used Santa Fe Trail to trade with Mexico & trade with Mexico &

eventually eventually settled in the regionsettled in the regionCalifornia’s Spanish CultureCalifornia’s Spanish Culture * 1821 – California became a state of * 1821 – California became a state of

the Mexican nationthe Mexican nation * 1840s – American starting to settle * 1840s – American starting to settle

& wanted it as part of our & wanted it as part of our nation nation (manifest destiny)(manifest destiny)

War with MexicoWar with Mexico * Pres. Polk wants war with Mexico * Pres. Polk wants war with Mexico

so we can gain Californiaso we can gain CaliforniaSanta Fe Trail

A. A. Conflict BeginsConflict Begins 1) War with Mexico is declared on 1) War with Mexico is declared on

May 11, 1846. Fighting begins May 11, 1846. Fighting begins for for California, & TexasCalifornia, & Texas

B. B. Polk’s War PlanPolk’s War Plan 1) Secure TX border1) Secure TX border 2) Seize California & New 2) Seize California & New Mexico Mexico 3) Capture Mexico City (capital 3) Capture Mexico City (capital of of Mexico)Mexico)

C. C. The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic 1) July 1846, U.S. Navy 1) July 1846, U.S. Navy captured captured the ports of San the ports of San Francisco & Francisco & MontereyMonterey 2) 2) By Jan. 1847 – California is By Jan. 1847 – California is fully fully controlled by Americacontrolled by America

D. D. Capture of Mexico CityCapture of Mexico City 1)1) Mexican govt. surrenders in 1847Mexican govt. surrenders in 1847

E. E. United States ExpandsUnited States Expands 1) 1) Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– signed in 1848– signed in 1848 a) Mexico gives up TX & a) Mexico gives up TX &

agrees to agrees to Rio GrandeRio Grande Border Border 2) 2) Mexican CessionMexican Cession:: a) Mexico sells California & a) Mexico sells California & New Mexico to U.S. for $15 New Mexico to U.S. for $15 million.million. 3) 3) Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase:: a) Strip of land south of a) Strip of land south of

Arizona & New Mexico Arizona & New Mexico b) b) Brings U.S. mainland to Brings U.S. mainland to

present day size present day size

California & UtahCalifornia & UtahCalifornia Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush

* Gold discovered in 1848 – people * Gold discovered in 1848 – people come from all over the worldcome from all over the world 1) Arrived in 1849 – known as 1) Arrived in 1849 – known as 49ers49ers 2) 80% of 49ers were American2) 80% of 49ers were American

A. A. Life in CaliforniaLife in California 1) Due to the “gold rush”, cities 1) Due to the “gold rush”, cities exploded over night – becoming exploded over night – becoming known as known as BoomtownsBoomtowns 2) Gold rush doubled world’s supply 2) Gold rush doubled world’s supply of goldof gold 3) Very few miners found wealth3) Very few miners found wealth – – but boomtown merchants didbut boomtown merchants did 4) One example was Levi Strauss 4) One example was Levi Strauss

(Levi jeans)(Levi jeans)

B. B. Economic & Political ProgressEconomic & Political Progress 1) Many miners stayed to run 1) Many miners stayed to run businesses – population grew businesses – population grew rapidlyrapidly 2) Californian’s then wrote a 2) Californian’s then wrote a constitution & applied for statehood constitution & applied for statehood

in 1850in 1850 3) 3) Banned slaveryBanned slavery – southern states – southern states

wouldn’t support until a wouldn’t support until a compromise was reached later in compromise was reached later in 18501850

A Religious Refuge in UtahA Religious Refuge in UtahA. A. A Haven in the DesertA Haven in the Desert

1) Mormon migration begins in 18461) Mormon migration begins in 1846 2) 2) Largest single migration in Largest single migration in American historyAmerican history (12,000 (12,000 people)people) 3) Made life in the desert flourish 3) Made life in the desert flourish through hard work & through hard work & dedicationdedication 4) 4) Utah does not become a state Utah does not become a state until until 1896 (known as Deseret)1896 (known as Deseret)

Brigham Young

CH.12 VOCAB CONT.CH.12 VOCAB CONT.

5. Annex- To add a territory to one’s 5. Annex- To add a territory to one’s own territoryown territory

6. Decree- An order given by one in 6. Decree- An order given by one in authorityauthority

CH. 12 VOCABULARYCH. 12 VOCABULARY

1. Joint Occupation- The possession & 1. Joint Occupation- The possession & settling of an area by two or more settling of an area by two or more countriescountries

2. Rendezvous- A meeting2. Rendezvous- A meeting 3. Mountain Man- A frontiersman living 3. Mountain Man- A frontiersman living

in the mountain wildernessin the mountain wilderness 4. Manifest Destiny- Idea popular in U.S. 4. Manifest Destiny- Idea popular in U.S.

during 1800’s that the country must during 1800’s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacificexpand its boundaries to the Pacific

Ch. 12 Vocab #2Ch. 12 Vocab #2

Forty-niner- People who arrived in Forty-niner- People who arrived in California in 1849 to search for goldCalifornia in 1849 to search for gold

Boomtowns- New communities built over Boomtowns- New communities built over night in California during the gold rushnight in California during the gold rush

Vigilantes- Groups formed by citizens that Vigilantes- Groups formed by citizens that would act as police, judges, and would act as police, judges, and sometimes executionerssometimes executioners

Californios- Mexicans who lived in Californios- Mexicans who lived in CaliforniaCalifornia

ESSAYESSAYHOW DID PRESIDENT HOW DID PRESIDENT

JAMES K. POLK GET JAMES K. POLK GET AMERICANS TO GO TO AMERICANS TO GO TO WAR WITH MEXICO? WAR WITH MEXICO?